Answer to Chapter 1 Introduction to Derivatives & Risk Management, Chance, Brooks.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS 1. (Market Efficiency and Theoretical clean-living Value) An efficient commercialise is wizard in which wrongs reflect the true scotch values of the assets trading therein. In efficient markets, no unmatchable loafer earn make its that atomic number 18 more than commensu ordain with the level of try. Efficient markets argon characterized by first-class honours degree transaction costs and by the rapid rate at which new information is incorporated into determines. 2. ( merchandise and the practice of law of One Price) merchandise is a type of investment transaction that seeks to profit when superposable adepts atomic number 18 harmd differently.Buying an item at one price and immediately shoping it at another is a type of arbitrage. Because of the combined activities of arbitrageurs, identical goods, in general financial assets, cannot altogetherot for different prices for long. This is the law of one price. Arbitrage helps function our markets efficient by assuring that prices ar in line with what they are supposed to be. In short, we cannot get roughthing for nothing. A situation involving deuce identical goods or portfolios that are not priced equivalently would be exploited by arbitrageurs until their prices were equal.The one price that an asset must be is called the theoretical fair value. 3. (Arbitrage and the Law of One Price) The law of one price is break if the same good is selling at different prices. On the surface it may await as if that is the case however, it is beta to look beneath the surface to tick if the goods are identical. Part of the cost of the good is convenience and node service. virtually rentrs competency be willing to pay more because the corpus is determined in a more desirable section of town.Also, the higher priced dealer may have a better reputation for service and customer satisfaction. Buyers may be willing to pay more if they fee l that the aid they pay helps assure them that they are getting a fair deal. It is important to note that many goods are indeed identical and, if so, they should sell at the same price, but the Law of One Price is not violated if the price differential accounts for some economic value. 4. (The reposition Mechanism) Storage is just holding the asset.Some assets, exchangeable commodities, require considerable storage blank and entail significant storage costs. Others, like stocks and bonds, do not consume much space but, as we shall see afterward, do incur costs. Storage enables us to more adequately meet our consumption compulsions and, thus, abides for a more efficient alteration of our consumption patterns across sentence. For example, we can barge in grains for the winter. In the case of stocks and bonds, we can store them and sell them later. The proceeds from the cut-rate sale of the securities can be used to meet consumption needs at the later time.Likewise, storage e nables speculators to hold goods and securities in the hope of selling them later at a profit. In addition, storage plays an important role in defining the relationship between spotlight instruments and derived functions. 5. (Delivery and Settlement) In futures markets, delivery rarely occurs. Since delivery is always possible, however, an expiring futures scram will be priced like the spot instrument. The knowledge that futures prices will eventually converge to spot prices is important to the determine of futures use ups. 6. The Role of Derivative Markets) Derivative markets provide a means of adjusting the risk of spot market investments to a more acceptable level and identifying the consensus market beliefs. They suck trading easier and less costly and spot markets more efficient. These markets in addition provide a means of speculating. 7. (Criticisms of Derivatives Markets) On the surface, it may be hard-fought to distinguish speculation from gambling. Both entail hig h risk with the foresight of high gain. The major difference that makes speculation moderately more socially acceptable is that it offers benefits to society not conveyed by gambling.For example, speculators are necessary to absorb the risk not wanted by others. In gambling, there is no risk creation hedged. Gamblers simply accept risk without there creation a concomitant reduction in someone elses risk. 8. (Misuses of Derivatives) Derivatives can be misused by speculating when one should be hedging, by not having acquired the infallible knowledge to use them properly by acting irresponsibly when victimisation derivatives such as by being overly confident of ones ability to forecast the direction of the market. 9. The Role of Derivative Markets) The existence of derivative markets in the United States providence and indeed throughout roughly modern countries of the world undoubtedly leads to a much higher phase of market efficiency. Derivatives facilitate the activities o f individual arbitrageurs so that unequal prices of identical goods are arbitraged until they are equal. Because of the large number of arbitrageurs, this is a quick and efficient process. Arbitrage on this large a scale makes markets less capable of being manipulated, less costly to trade in, and therefore more attractive to investors. The hazard to hedge also makes the markets more attractive to investors in managing risk. ) This is not to give tongue to that an economy without derivative markets would be inefficient, but it would not have the utility of this arbitrage on a large scale. It is important to note that the derivative markets do not necessarily make the U. S. or world economy any larger or wealthier. The basic wealth, expected returns, and risks of the economy would be about the same without these markets.Derivatives simply create dispiriteder cost opportunities for investors to correct their risks at more satisfactory levels. This may not necessarily make them we althier, but to the extent that it makes them more satisfied with their positions, it serves a valuable purpose. 10. ( call back and Risk) Return is the numerical measure of investment executing. There are dickens chief(prenominal) measures of return, dollar return and percentage return. Dollar return measures investment accomplishment as total dollar profit or loss.For example, the dollar return for stocks is the dollar profit from the change in stock price convinced(p) any cash dividends paid. It represents the absolute movement. Percentage return measures investment performance per dollar invested. It represents the percentage increase in the investors wealth that results from make the investment. In the case of stocks, the return is the percentage change in price plus the dividend yield. The concept of return also applies to preferences, but, as we shall see later, the explanation of the return on a futures or forward contract is somewhat unclear. 1. (Repurchase Agreeme nts) A repurchase agreement (known as repos) is a legal contract between a seller and a buyer, the seller agrees to sell a specified asset to the buyer currently as well as buy it back usually at a specified time in the future at an agreed future price. The seller is efficaciously borrowing gold from the buyer at an implied interest rate. Typically, repos involve low risk securities, such as U. S. Treasury bills. Repos are useful because they provide a great deal of flexibility to both the borrower and lender.Derivatives traders often need to be able to borrow and lend money in the most(prenominal) cost-effective manner possible. Repos are often a very low cost way of borrowing money, particularly if the firm holds government securities. Repos are a way to earn interest on short capital with minimal risk (for buyers) and repos are a way to borrow for short-term needs at a relatively low cost (for sellers). 12. (Derivative Markets and Instruments) An cream is a contract between two partiesa buyer and a sellerthat gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to purchase or sell something at a later date at a price agreed upon today.The option buyer pays the seller a sum of money called the price or premium. The option seller stands ready to sell or buy according to the contract terms if and when the buyer so desires. An option to buy something is referred to as a call an option to sell something is called a put. A forward contract is a contract between two partiesa buyer and a sellerto purchase or sell something at a later date at a price agreed upon today.A forward contract sounds a lot like an option, but an option carries the right, not the obligation, to go through with the transaction. If the price of the cardinal good changes, the option holder may decide to forgo buying or selling at the fixed price. On the other hand, the two parties in a forward contract incur the obligation to finally buy and sell the good. 13. (The Underlying Asset) Beca use all derivatives are based on the random performance of something, the word derivative is appropriate.The derivative derives its value from the performance of something else. That something else is often referred to as the underlying asset. The term underlying asset, however, is somewhat confuse and misleading. For instance, the underlying asset might be a stock, bond, currency, or commodity, all of which are assets. However, the underlying asset might also be some other random element such as the weather, which is not an asset. It might even be another derivative, such as a futures contract or an option.

Education and Unemployment Essay

1. In your own opinions, suggest how you can manipulate the supply of educational opportunities as a policy variable. 2. Suggest policy considerations for the establishment in approve to educational expansions. 3. State the implications for international donor agencies. INTRODUCTION Edgar Edwards and Michael Todaro fight that an investiture in education past the literacy stage is an coronation in inert resources. They study some good and bad disceptations and below, I am discharge to critique their arguments critiquing their points with the help of facts, statistics and logical reason.Their main argument is that an investment in education is an investment in idle resources, since the number of unemployed has been insurrection as the number of bulk who pursue post-literacy education. ARGUMENT The two writers have both good and not so good points in their argument against post-literacy education. Firstly, by saying that the average level of education among the unemployed and parttime appears to be rising, suggesting that the growing investment in educational systems is increasing an investment in idle resources, its actually true.The average number of people who have pursued education higher(prenominal)(prenominal) than the primary school level, in this case, the literacy level, has been rising over the past few years. The table below shows the trends, as compiled by Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and UNESCO. 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Primary discipline 6,078,024 6,078,024 5,941,610 6,062,742 7,159,523 7,394,763 7,591,528 7,632,113 8,229,266 Secondary School 724,758 762,414 753,525 781,601 882,513 926,149 934,149 1,030,080 1,180,267 TOTAL 6,788,858 6,840,438 6,695,1335 6,844,343 8,042,036 8,320,912 8,525,677 8,662,193 9,409,533. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Enrolment in University 82,100 91,500 92,316 112,229 118,239 122,847 177,735 From the table, we can see that as from 2002 when the government introduced free primary education, the number of children enrolled in school sky rocketed, and so did the number of people who got the chance to attend secondary school. Edwards and Todaro also argue that rapid expansion of formal education beyond literacy levels without constructive efforts to get to meaningful employment opportunities is likely to generate political as considerably as educational unrest.This is so because the number of people graduating from our universities is higher than the number of jobs being created in any specific year. Politics plays a big role in the educational sector, since the MPs ar the decision makers and moreso because the corrupt few reduce the funds available for development, or more funds are directed to developed areas rather than to the marginalised so as to help them develop. According to the book Education and development in Africa, its stated that so as to improve African countries, its not only the provision of education that matters, but also the caliber of it.This is a determinant in the levels of unemployment, since those from well-off schools are regarded in higher esteem, as compared to those from schools that are not known for academic excellence, even though both candidates have the same credentials. This results in the candidate from a famed school getting a job, fleck the other candidate misses out, creating unemployment. Unemployment is while underemployment is..

A brief comparison between characters Essay

In the part we see that the two children of Mr and Mrs logrolling(Sheila and Eric), pay their p arents in the beginning. Their character was exactly mirrored their parents view. Gerald however, is remains the same and refuses to tilt his character and is the same as Mr and Mrs Birling. This is non so obvious in the beginning, but if u study the book re completelyy carefully, you would see that on that point are many quotes that suggest that Gerald Croft was always in support of Mr. Birling, such as Yes, exactly so and so on. Mr Birling to a fault goes on to tell Gerald and Eric how a man should know how to look after himself.This shows Mr Birling lack of civic mindedness and how emphasises on how selfish he is. There are also other instances on how selfish he is. For example, when he however cares for his knighthood and his reputation when news gets round of his family causing Eva to commit suicide. There is also no doubt that he is a unfeeling man when he shows no regret and remorse when he sacked Eva. Rather, he feels that he was not responsible for Eva Smiths death.Mrs. Birling had almost a 100 percent mirror of Mr. Birling except that she flexes her muscles as passport of the charity organization to refuse athletic supporter to Eva Smith. She felt that it was impertinent of Eva to strain herself Mrs Birling. Furthermore, she was a liar (as her children soon found out) as she had refused to acknowledge the moving-picture show of Eva and was adamant about not having met her. However after repeated questioning, she admitted that Eva had came to her for help before. She is also in the dark about Erics drinking drug abuse and realizes that Sheila is not as pure as Mrs. Birling thought she was (ran apart with only a torn blouse Shelia). This goes to show that Mrs Birling does not generalise her children well enough to reveal their characters.Sheila had been thought to be a round-eyed girl and who was always excited. However after tonight, she becam e a changed person. She became the opposite of her parents and her views fight back the views of her parents. She felt that she was solely responsible that Eva had committed suicide. However, she knew the importance of civic mindedness when she discoversthat all of the Birlings and Gerald had each played a part to help in sidesplitting her. Sheila is also perceptive when she says that the inspector hes giving us the rope so that well hang ourselves. This shows that she thinks deeply and with consideration. In this way, she becomes wiser at the termination of the play and views things from a different angle.Gerald is seen as a dynamic character, who switches his casing again and again so that we view different angles of him. In the start, he agrees with everything Mr. Birling about civic mindedness and all that nonsense. Our impression of him at the start is a man who has a lack of civic mindedness and indifference. However, we see a change in his character when he comes clean o n having a relationship with Eva. But there is just one flaw, when the Inspector leaves and he comes back, he tells them that there was no such Inspector. When it was confirmed with a call off call to the Colonel Roberts, he breathes a heavy sigh of relief. Does this show that he was hypocritical and only wanted to get off the hook?For Eric, we atomic number 50 see that he contradicts with whatever his father says. Even at the end, he argues with his father daringly. It is not sure whether he had argued with on the basis of spiting him or to really show his true feelings on how his father had treated Eva. He also shows remorse when he says we did her in all right. He also stands strong on Sheilas side on how it did not matter whether the Inspector was a fraud. What was important was that they had all did something wrong even if the girls were different.

Aunt Alexandra in “To Kill A Mockingbird” by Harper Lee Essay

aunty Alexandra comes to the Finch residence at the end of chapter twelve, declaring that the family firm that it would be best for Scout and Jem to have some feminine crook in their lives. Scout knows that Alexander usually dictates what she wants upon the family, and uses the term the family decided to contrive her an even greater point of office in the Finch family. Usually her dictations translate her chances to travel her views on others or increase the family name and work towards the perfect family that she envisions. Examples of her tyranny include the time she made Atticus drive to impress on the children the facts of life and how she forced herself upon Atticus and the children (dictating that she should move in with in them).Aunt Alexandra makes refreshments for the Missionary Society. These refreshments she makes herself rather than getting Calpurnia to make them perhaps this is attempt to prove herself superior to almost everybody else while also adding to her r eputation of a good hostess. As well as making refreshments for the missionary rules of order Aunt Alexandra joined the Maycomb Amanuensis Club and became the secretary. Aunt Alexandra is slightly hypocritical because as an incurable gossip she has no problem making guttle almost everyone in Maycomb but couldnt hear a word against herself or the rest of the Finch family. She also said that almost everyone in Maycomb had a trial but when Atticus pointed out that the Finches had an incestuous streak she completely denied it.Aunt Alexandra has many good and bad qualities most concern the maturation and education of the children. Good qualities include the fact she wants the best for Jem, Scout and the rest of the family, she go out uphold any moral (page 146), she had plenty of pride in her family and she ever tries to improve herself (page 147). However she has a lot of bad qualities she is dictative, she is prejudice and she believes Finches ar of a higher class to almost all others.Aunt Alexandra is a major character in the story because of she is one of the only points of authority and the greatest feminine influence for Scout and Jem. Despite her faults she does what she believes is best for the childrenand community.SourcesTo eat up A Mockingbird by Harper Lee

Persuasive Speech about Prayer in Public Schools Essay

Ladies and Gentlemen each protocol observed, I would like to tell you the facts bottomland the reason why I am against requests in frequent schools. appeal in public schools should no be anyowed since it is inconsiderate of the different religions that atomic number 18 represented in the school. Public schools host spate from all religions since they be cheaper hence affordable. When the prayers argon d unity they are biased against the religion with insignificant representation in the school hence it is better if prayer was abolished in school.When prayers for one religion are done, the other religions impression oppressed discriminated against and they produce a feeling of inferiority. It feels like the school administration is trying to deplume the students to join their religion. The school administration should advocate the elimination of prayer to subdue cases where the students feel discriminated. The students ordain feel like they are forced to pietism (Somme r 1984). Instead of conducting prayers in public school each student should be allowed to pray on their own.This focus the school will be respecting all religions since all students will have freedom of worship and they will feel appreciated. Even though some of the schools acknowledge all religions, they tend to allocate less time to the prayers of the religions with minor representation. At times the public schools do not even recognize the religious holidays of the religions that have minor representation. many of the prayers that are done too do not show the sincere that religion requires and some people prefer not praying instead of praying in a way that will leave other offended.There are some people who believe that they should only conduct somebodyal prayers the people prefer praying for themselves (Lindorfer 2004). When prayers are conducted in school by a person who is not in the same religion with another, since there is the feeling of impassibility between the two p arties, divisions could arise in extreme cases that could disrupt the discipline process in the school as a result of strikes. Ladies and gentlemen, with these issues at hand, I suggest that prayers should be eliminated from public schools and all students should pray on their own.This way the unity among students will be enhanced since religious differences will be avoided and all students will coexist in peace (religionandpoliticsgeek 2008). In those schools that all students share one religion, there are different denominations and all people fight to have their denomination as the superior. An example is where a catholic would like to conduct a prayer in their way and a Presbyterian too will want prayers conducted the way they do it in their place of worship.As a result when the prayers are conducted in one way, they other student will feel that their denomination is not appreciated. With the emersion of very many churches, it is advisable to eliminate prayer in public schools to avoid cases where the students rise against each other based on prayer (Rollins 1998). With those facts, I would request all of you to join me in advocating for abolition of prayer in public schools.

Jollibee – Document

Traced to this learnmingly innocuous start, untold Han 500,000 Sirs atomic number 18 estimated to exist in the humanness today. Jollinesss starting time approach to transnational magnification came with the hiring of an outsider, Tony Kitchener. Mr.. Kitcheners aggressive merchandiseing approach dodging, ( aimting the sign, as it was known) was Just what the club needed in order to bring brand recognition as well as attract future gross receipts. The strategy encompassed expanding to commercializeplaces with little disceptation thereby, becoming a pi whizzer in that topical anesthetic trade. After Mr.. Kitchener first took over the outside(prenominal)istic member, he revamped it immediately.One major(ip) move of this overhaul was to claim distinguish staff sections from personnel hired from outside of the corporation and purge outside of the Philippines. He noned tryingies hiring more internal recruits because of Philippine managers shield to giving up em ployees and reluctance for Joining an upstart division. Tensions would before long cut due to relations with the Philippine- based operations. Some of these early issues may subscribe to been attributed to Jollinesss just organizational twist where ETC was the chief executive officer with each(prenominal) divisions reporting directly to him.The vertical organization structure ensured Mr.. Caution ad final say on all endeavors but may squander led to efficiency issues. Collaboration amongst employees and managers on connection processes such(prenominal)(prenominal) as recipe customization and new merchandise expansion may be stifled in a vertical organization as quislingism decadeds to occur in a vacuum. A nonher type of structure that may have proven more robust is the horizontal structure as employees are encouraged to seek solutions and remediatements on their own.As a result, the world(prenominal) constituent staff reported this Philippine organization bureaucratic and s dispirited-moving (Bartlett, 2011, p. 47). 2. compendium and Evaluation A. Jollinesss Successful Business Model (1) There were several bestow factors in Jollinesss rise to a dominant position in the Philippines shut uply forage market. Jollied was able to concentrate resources on growth by support their friendship from within. This internal growth, absent of debt or the interest of such debt allowed for a dominant position within the industry as well as allowed for suitable location and certification choice.Additionally, the family demonstrated coercive tune head by hiring proficient supervisors the market. With the late origination of McDonalds into the Philippines market, as well as he aforementioned logical argument knowledge of the tangent family, Jollied was a impressive competitor with an establish presence within the market well on the way to the ability of world(a) expansion. (1) Jollied continued to use cultural law of proximity to their advantage an d defended their market carry on with the entry of McDonalds to the Philippines market in 1981.McDonalds, representing an marvelous competitive threat with untouchable resource and reputable experience, Jollied relied on their expertness for topical anesthetic anaesthetic preferences to cement their continued dominate position. Even with the lower outlay point, McDonalds traditional commerce card choices were viewed as unpalatable to the topical anesthetic customer base, cause slower growth for the multinational society then first forecasted. However, by early 1983, McDonalds was able to obtain 27% of the debauched victuals market share with the unexpected of the Big Mac.Jollied Just 5% ahead in market share then McDonalds quickly responded to the Big Mac argufy with the Champ. Jollied felt the swelledger, spicier burger would better entice the Philippine preferred flavor for food as the market research has suggested. The intended triumph of the Champ nonetheless was short lived as by late 1983, political hostility awards outside(prenominal) investors from the backlash of the assassination of a political leader ca apply economic sectionalization. This breakdown caused McDonalds and other foreign investors to slow their intended growth.Jollied preserved its positive cognition within the community throughout the downward turn in the economy, continue to hone their menu choices all geared towards the local tastes. By 1984, the bewitchment with McDonald was soon diminishing. At the economic up rise after 1986, McDonalds soon gasped at the growth of Jollied in their absence, now encompassing 31 storehouses with heading market share. B. Jollinesss First International Division (2) According to world market reports published by IBIS World, the worlds too largest independent publisher of U. S. Industry research, the food servicing sub-sectors quantity revenue was most $1. 86 trillion in 2012. The global agile-food restaurants industry w as estimated to request account for 38% of that revenue which was an annual attach of 3. 2% from the previous year. However, with ontogeny nations accounting for about 83% of total global industry the industry is approaching saturation levels in any(prenominal)(prenominal) developed countries due to an oversupply of fast food bank linees and extensive franchising, which is modify to weaker revenue growth and demand in these industries (Smith, 2012).Therefore growth in evolution nations is essential for continued growth in the industry. (2) Most experts agree that fast food business forges need to resolve around one occasion and that is making money. This taper is achieved by focusing on specific areas of the business plan that pertain to the following having a targeted initial passing plan, a narrow focus on what the company does well, growth as a result of expanding the menu for gross sales, marketing expansion, and excellent customer service to leaven loyalty (Walte r, 2010).Jollied succeeded in the Philippines by excelling in each and every one of these areas while focusing on traditional Filipino culture, by table service to the unique tastes of the Filipino consumer. This strategy has allowed the company to grab approximately 65% of the market share and become the unquestionable leader competition, most notably McDonalds, since many of the large corporations largely export a standardized menu to the various consumers of the world. 2) Success in the developing nation the Republic of the Philippines has allowed the Jollied food company the opportunity to expand into other Asian countries to include capital of Singapore, Taiwan, Brunet, and Indonesia. Jollied make its first attempted entry abroad in 1985, with its expansion into the Singapore market through a actuatenership consisting of Jollied, the local manager, and investors. The partnering was in conclusion unfulfilled due to an eventual wish of trust between Jollied and the local man ager.This lack of trust began when the corporate investors visited to check the local stores quality, cleanliness, and efficiency in operations and were denied entry by the local store managers (Bartlett, 2011). This led Jollied to revoke the immunity symmetry and shut down the Singapore store in 1986. Jollinesss scrap entry into business abroad occurred with expansion into the Taiwan market with a 50/50 Joint venture. Sales initially boomed, but low pedestrian traffic quickly led to decreasing revenues over time.Day-to-day precaution conflicts again surrounding trust, and an growth in property market rent, ultimately led to Jollied dissolving the joint venture in 1988. The lessons that potty be learned from these first overseas expansions have been highlighted before by Forbes magazine, highlighted observations where to find out your approach to your business toughie and purpose, do efficient postwork as well as background research, know when to rank your product, be in full aware of your international brand, and ultimately choose the right partner to do business with.As Todd Rapper, the executive vice president of Multilingual worldwide sales stated, a local business partner can glide by overhead personifys and attempts and can be extremely serve wellful However, you lose a great hired man of control when you employ a rep and that individual and company represents you (Conner, 2012). (2) schooling from the failures of the past, Jollied is now ambitiously trying to expand into the international market, with a company vision of becoming a global player on the world stage and obtaining a 50-50 split between municipalated and international sales by 2020 (Staff, 2013).Through its use of strategic expansion suits, Jollied applys to continue to spread the happiness of eating, and bringing the best of Filipino family experiences, everything from food to ambiance, to the world. Therefore, when company president Tony Tan Caution (ETC) decided to expand Jollied into the international market in 1993, the big managerial question that arose as how to go about making a local Philippine company into a global brand connatural to one of the major players of the international scene at that time such as, McDonalds. To answer this question ETC selected Mr..Kitchener to lead the company in this endeavor, and gave him autonomy in deciding how the companys international operations division used its structure and resources. Mr.. Kitcheners enduringness as the first head of Jollinesss international division allow for be evaluated based upon the results that were produced from his business philosophy and leadership style in the areas of revenue growth, follow efficiency, profitability, and market share. It must be famed that market share in itself is debatable as to whether or not it should be the pass judgment and valid metric of market leadership.As Tom Peters of the In-search-of- measured is not managed, and what is not well measur ed is not well managed. Thus, this evaluation in determine Mr.. Kitcheners effectiveness will be based solely upon framing Mr.. Kitcheners circumspection style, which incorporates the elements of context, planning, inputs, processes, outputs, and outcomes with his personal equines philosophy and professional business model beliefs. (2) Before Mr.. Kitchener began to focus on Jollinesss external business environment, he decided to start internally with the company by ensuring his division would be separate from the Philippine branch.While the conclusion to separate the companys international branch from its domestic branch proved to be beneficial in achieving his short term goal of creating anonymity to readily make the business decisions he felt were necessary, largely his total consignment to this strategy negatively affecting his branch and the company as a whole by having the domestic ND international divisions operating on different visions and unaligned business objectives . Mr.. Kitchener began recruiting experienced personnel to his aggroup who he aspect would be able to help him achieve his goals for the company.However, whether intentional or not, his choices created the information of elitism when poaching the individuals from within the company, and going outside the house for other key team positions. He claimed that greater internal recruiting had been constrained by devil factors resistance to staffing being poached, and lack of interest. Next, Mr.. Kitchener centre on changing Jollinesss business culture in order to make it look and act comparable a multinational, not similar a local chain.After accomplishing the internal changes he deemed it necessary for Jollied to compete on a global stage. Mr.. Kitchener then focused on the companys external strategic thrust. He did this with the ultimate goal of change magnitude and pissing upon the success Jollied had experienced to becoming one of the worlds elapse ten fast food brands by 20 00. This was an ambitious goal that he had commemorate for himself as well as the company. The completion of the goal set rest upon a business model consisting of woo briny trains of thought, targeting expects and planting the flag.The expectation at the time was that by expanding the number of stores, the franchise could anatomy brand awareness which in turn would positively affect sales revenue. Ongoing, market entry was accomplished by negotiating a franchise agreement through investment by the parent company. Responsibility for franchise administration was then handed off to a Franchise Services omnibus (FSML). Resources and expertise were provided as needed to start up and manage an offshore franchise until the local manager was able to then manage on their own.One innovation that Mr.. Kitchener implemented to help the change over of responsibility be a smooth transition was to create a library of promotional photographs, instead than preparing new advertising materials for each new promotion. Mr.. Kitchener was not only hit with helping the local managers establish the franchise for the company through gruelling initial support, but was also with the division watch overing proprietary control as well as each franchise maintaining company quality standards. 2) flexibleness to accommodate differences in customer tastes was deemed to be essential. Mr.. Kitchener and his team learned that mass-based office did not paces to the demands of the local market and after legion(predicate) market entry battles, the international team decided that other elements of Jollinesss Philippine business model needed to be modified in its franchise stores overseas. However, when it came to modifying the menus and the product itself tensions arose with the domestic side of Jollinesss operations, resulting in even less cooperation. 2) According to a research report done in the style of David Letterman top ten list, the top ten reasons for why business fail internat ionally are as follows 1) field of studyities, 2) Lack of resources and/or budget, 3) Spread resources too thin, 4) Corporate WHQL Control, 5) Inability to arrange content, 6) Treat translation of press materials as an administrative task, 7) Unrealistic expectations, 8) Conducting International PR long distance, 9) Lack of spokespeople, and 10) No action behind the pass onress (Hoffman, 2012). Mr.. Kitchener did an admirable Job in making sure he was flag-waving(a) in his approach to the global market.His control over the international division, allowed him to localize the food products. He was guilty of reasons 3, 6, and 7 for Jollinesss failed attempt at international expansion. Having unrealistic expectations was his biggest mistake. In the end, this was the underlying reason for his failure to achieve the companys goals. Jollinesss international division grew rapidly. However, as operations grew, Mr.. Kitchener and his staff experienced problems with the underlying strateg y of the divisions international expansion plan.They found not all overseas Filipinos were guaranteed say-so customers. They also soon found out that only by achieving a certain tote up of sales could many of the franchises afford to advertise and build the brand awareness required to meet resource fates that became constrained by the rapid expansion into new arrest. In addition the international division could not shift responsibility gradually to the franchisee and so had to continually homely the majority of responsibility associated that comes along with starting and maintaining new startups.They found that the local store managers were content to let the division do the day-to-day murmur work of everyday planning and routine operations (Bartlett, 2011). Ultimately, the increase cost of supporting the widespread unprofitable activities, and the continuing friction between the domestic and international side of operations, was unsustainable for Jollied to be able to obtain the companys vision for the future. In 1997, Mr.. Kitchener was replaced with Noel Tinning as the new general manager, International Division, in the hope of creating and implementing a winning strategy for global expansion.Present day, according to Forbes magazine, Jollied was the worlds fifth blistering growing restaurant company outside the United States, earning $102 million and a sock increase of over last years earnings. A large part of Jollinesss success is due to the development of market leading brands across numerous categories, with experts stating that most competitors have single rands Having multi-food concepts enables Jollied to capture a bigger lout of the dining-out market (Staff, 2013). C. Noel Tensions strategy for three expansion options (3) Mr..Tinning sloped three broad opportunities for Jollinesss global expansion. First, he had to analyze the electric potential profitability of make iting a little(a) market in Papua New Guiana, where theres limited com petition. Second, much friendliness was needed over the further expansion regarding Hong Gongs Kowloon district, one of care much for the Jollinesss Philippines-based fast food model. Finally, a proposal to cackle the earns in a U. S. Market by establishing restaurants there, starting in California, expanding quarterly. (3) Expanding to Papua New Guiana brings both potential risks and benefits.The benefits of expanding to Papua include the lack of competition in the market. Papua has only one peaked(predicate) managed, 3-store fast-food chain, according to Quality Assurance Manager, Gill Salvos (Bartlett, 2011, p. 51). Match the limited market, and the large population of 5 million, makes Papua a very enticing opportunity. Another benefit would be the offer from Mr.. Salvos to front the capital to launch the expansion. Additionally, suggesting co-locating with a major petroleum retailer, where there was a constant customer flow. The risks of expanding to Papua include busy about Government-Business relationships.There seems to be an issue with stability of rules, policies, and regulations. Businesses remain worried about the stability of the rules, instituted by the government. According to local analysis theres a cognizance of risk while doing business in Papua New Guiana. Another risk is political uncertainty. According to reports, during the asses, businesses in Papua experienced a great amount of instability because of frequent changes in overspent. This led to erratic and frequent changes in policies that a negative impact on the private sector (Holder, P. And Barker, P. , 2007). 3) Expanding rate of flow business further in Hong Kong is an exciting proposition, considering the potentially large market there. Mr.. Conations brother-in-law saw instant success when he opened the first store in 1996 (Bartlett, 2011, p. 51). However, one issue with the Jollied Corporation is its narrowed market Targeted Filipino audience. The Hong Kong base relied on Fi lipinos living there to bring in plentiful business, which at stores close to major hubs where Filipinos gathered, worked out. The problem was with restaurants that were not in close proximity of these hubs they had to rely on the local Chinese population.Other problems with the Hong Kong market include a rigid menu, which was slow to change, due to Jollinesss vertical organizational structure where all changes had to be staffed to leadership. The benefits of doing business in Hong Kong include low salaries and get tax rates. Additionally, capital gains are not taxed. The country is bilingual, which would ease business communication, and function with new staff training movements. (3) Challenging McDonalds in its home market is a daring, but potentially refutable endeavor. Mr..Tensions approach to expanding Jollinesss franchise to America could bring much respect for the rapidly expanding company. Just like opening a new franchise in Papua, and expanding operations in Hong Kong, there will be risks and benefits. The biggest risk Known for its golden arches, McDonalds. However, McDonalds would not be the only major competitor facing Jollied. America is the kindred place of fast food. Several other competitors such as Burger King, Kentucky hot up Chicken (KEF), and Pizza Hut had permeated the market as well. Concerns over increasing obesity rates in recent years, also came as concern when expanding to America.Policymakers are developing new regulations on restaurants in an effort to encounter obesity. For example July 2008, Los Angels lawmakers banned the more than 500,000 residents (Anderson, 2006). The incredible amount of money Americans spend towards fast food is a definite plus to expansion good will to the United States. Consumers spent about $110 billion on fast food in 2000, which increased from $6 billion in 1970 (Closer, 2001). The National Restaurant Association forecasts that fast food restaurants in the U. S. Will sieve $142 billion in sale s in 2006, a 5% increase over 2005 (Closer, 2001).Bottom line, fast food is big business in America. As a fall-back, the West coast has a significant Filipino community, and other ethnic groups which are attracted to Jollinesss menu. Finally, the strong interest from local investors and Mr.. Conations willingness to crack this market make it an attractive investment. D. Noel Tensions way-ahead for Jollinesss international success (4) Mr.. Noel Tinning, has some very difficult decisions to make for the international expansion of Jollied. Fortunately, he has a great team that is well- versed at conducting risk analysis assessments, and the training under Mr..Kitchener o work with the corporations FSML to hammer out details of a franchise expansion. Its crucial to capture that quick-win when tackling any business endeavor. The quick-win in this situation would be to make better and expand upon breathing markets in Hong Kong. Hong Kong has one very successful restaurant. Recruiting C hinese employees, and rotating them through the Central district restaurant to receive training, will help in their success. Additionally, bringing in the new employees will assist in identifying/diversifying menus for local palettes. 4) To garner any kind of profit, Jollied would have to quickly add three to four tortes to be competitive and cover costs. The GNP in both countries, per capita, is about the same at $2,500 (Bartlett, 2011, p. 51). In the Philippines there are over 900 restaurants serving 75 million people. The PANG population is 5 million people. Starting out with three to four stores, under Mr.. Salvos capital, will be a good gauge as to whether the company attracts the local interest. The plan is for a Joint venture with local service stations.If the effort is equitable, further expansion from the three or four stores to 20 stores is a plausible business venture. 4) Supporting operations in a small remote market will require effective communication from the main hub to the forward operating location. To ensure success, the FSML will be imperative in developing the team and monitoring sales, customer traffic, and any supply hold-ups. To assist in attracting the local populace, managers should recruit team members from the host country. This will help with any language barriers, and could be an effective marketing strategy.Finally, give managers at the remote market greater flexibility to make decisions without having to use the vertical staffing process. Being able to respond quickly to local crisis, will give managers, and ensure the new market doesnt miss a beat. (4) One of the five dollar bill Ifs, is catering to customer needs. If Jollied wants to expand its opportunities in Hong Kong, it must customize to local tastes. One of McDonalds global operation attributes is the ability to adjust menu in accordance with local tastes, and even customs, such as its operations in India where it only offers a vegetarian menu.Developing less fatty men u picks will be attractive in the Hong Kong market, and may also work in the U. S. As well due to greater concerns Eng in building their confidence in the company. Finally, by baking foods instead of frying them, the company will be saving money. Frying is more expensive than baking because of the oil requirement and additional gas/electricity it takes to heat the oil. Jollied would be catering to local palettes while saving money, by trim down it fried food menu items. 4) Understanding and properly managing cultural differences in the workplace, especially in foreign environments, is essential to business success. When domestic companies hire foreign professionals in an effort to enhance their competitiveness in international markets, a lack of thought may arise which may lead to an atmosphere that is not contributory to the business environment. As is the case in this situation where Chinese workers were calling the Filipinos workers discipline lax and their style arrogant and the Filipinos saw the Chinese managers as uncommitted.To handle this problem Jollied should solicit outside help, a third party, that specializes in helping corporations manage cultural differences. Even though this may be an expensive proposition, it could be billed as a necessary start-up cost that was essential to the process of transitioning the franchise into a sustainable operation. Once implemented, the company would establish feedback options for the employees in order to gauge the effectiveness of the program.It would also see what steps could be taken to create a do-it-yourself mediation communication tool for each individual employee. This tool could be used whenever the need arose, to limit and diffuse future staffing conflicts. (4) While at face value the Philippine to Asian to Hispanic entry strategy appears to be positive strategic plan. This being said, Jollied also must consider to the company as a whole. The extensive stretch in current resources and flunk store s abroad could destroy even the most perfect strategic plan to enter the US market.Discounting the current failures within the company however, this entry plan could place Jollied in a unquestionable positive standing to enter the US market, Just as it succeeded in the US territory of Guam. The positive lessons learned within the Guanine market can easily transfer into the US within the area of San Francisco and San Diego, where the Filipino expects surpass those of others demographically, giving Jollied the erudition and insight it requires to expand to Asian-Americans, hen acquire Hispanic traffic in order to broaden to other populace within elect markets. 4) If chosen to enter the US markets it will be imperative for Jollied to control the expansion while supporting the existing locations. This control and support can be established, in the beginning, by transfer current Jollied prudence to the US market, as it has been done in the past. The careful selection of local franchise s will be imperative to Jollied successful growth within the US market, as the consumer wisdom must be one of consistency in regards to price, selection and customer revive.The experienced management style will permit the local management to fully understand the culture of the company while Jollied management continues to take in the local culture working together to build a solid foundation to grow from. While the initial foundation is critical, the current support is never the less vital to the companys success, particularly in regards to gaining market share in the birthplace necessary prerequisite for all locations as well as ongoing training for not only the local workers but Jollied core team as well.This training will eliminate the possibility f postulated theories of the direction of the company in addition to reducing the prospect of Jollied losing control to outsiders as it once did when choosing to bring in Tony Kitchener in turn this will reduce the risk of company div ide between Jollied core team and the international department. Jollinesss continued success relies on its ability to learn as well as grow its own business. The alternative is the failure to comprehend what is taking place within its own walls and therefore losing control of the business they have fought to build. . Recommendations The previous material illustrated successes and mistakes of the Jollied Corporation. USSR growth in developing nations was highlighted for its importance to continued growth in the industry. Jollinesss ability to maintain its superiority in its home market was explored, and keeps its closest competitor, McDonalds, at bay. Mr.. Kitchener was liable for building an elaborate International Division, and some of its initial success. Unfortunately, his approach didnt quite a match the vision of the company, and may have lead to more discord than success.His departure opened the door for Mr.. Tinning, who was immediately faced with three long challenges of improving upon existing markets, and moving into new ones. The three opportunities were explored, with Hong Kong determined to be the relatively safest challenge to undertake. The Hong Kong market was deemed a possible quick-win situation because of the existing successful restaurant. Host country recruitment could help in developing a menu that fits the local customer base better.Having a staff made up of both Filipino/Chinese employees would help with any language barriers that may be preventing new customers from choosing Jollied over other options. Finally, Jollied could improve business communication and decision making by adjusting its organizational structure. It was noted that menu adjustments with the Hong Kong market took an incredibly long time to be address due to the vertical organizational structure of the company. All decision-making has a alter flow to ETC.

World War Ii Timeline

sphere War II Timeline pic pic pic 1933 January 1. 30. 1933- Adolf Hitler be lessens Chancellor of Ger umteen, bringing ideas of Nazi Party with him June 6. 14. 1933- Nazi crock upy turn outlaws altogether other political parties, brandal the beginning of a totalitarian regime October 10. 1933- President Roosevelt recognizes the USSR and establishes diplomatic trans feation 10. 14. 1933- Germany leaves the League of Nations 1934 declination 12. 29. 1934- japan denounces the Washington Naval accordance of 1922 and the capital of the United Kingdom Naval Treaty of 1930, identifying that lacquer would no longer abide by the treaties which were intended to prevent an weapons system race and massive navies. 935 bump into 3. 16. 1935- Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles by enforcing military conscription. This distinctionifies that Germany was re-arming itself and preparing for war. rarified 8. 31. 1935- President FDR augurys First Neutrality forge- prohibiting ordn ance store shipments to wartime belligerents October 10. 3. 1935- Italy, under the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini, invades Ethiopia. 1936 February 2. 29. 1936- President FDR passes Second Neutrality Act this act renewed the First Neutrality Act (1935), and also forbade the granting of loans to wartime belligerents March 3. 7. 1936- German military man occupy the Rhineland. Germany was forbidden to take ver more land, as per the Treaty of Versailles. July 7. 18. 1936- Civil War erupts in Spain November 11. 1. 1936- Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany come together, forming the Rome-Berlin axis vertebra. This event holds foolificance because it was alliances which brought the knowledge domain into WWI. 11. 25. 1936- Nazi Germany and Imperial japan sign the Anti-Comintern promise. This pact was aimed directly against the Soviet Union and the International Communist Movement. 1937 July 7. 7. 1937- Japan invades Nanking, mainland China, killing more than 250,000, most of whom were ci vilians. This attack essentially begins the War in the Pacific kinsfolk . 14. 1937- President FDR forbids US ships to carry arms to China or Japan, again signaling American Neutrality. October 10. 5. 1937- President FDR surpasss a lecture in which he urges the collective security and quarantining of aggressor nations. This implies the fact that FDR would similar the US to remain isolationist. December 12. 12. 1937- Japan sinks the gunboat, the U. S. S. Panay in the Yangtze River in China. Japan formally apologizes after the attack, and pays reparations to the US 1938 February 2. 20. 1938- Chancellor of Germany, Adolf Hitler, formally announces that Germany will actualise Japan.This further incites desire for war as straightway three nations (Japan, Germany and Italy) wee once again entangled alliances, coupled with militarism and previous actions show a great potential for a second world war. March 3. 12. 1938- Germany launches Anschluss,(union) with Austria. 3. 13. 1938- Ger many annexes Austria. whitethorn 5. 17. 1938- Naval Expansion Act is passed. This act allotted $1 one thousand thousand for the US to build a Two Ocean Navy, or a dark blue which would have bases in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This act recognized the need for protection on both coasts of the country. September 9. 29. 938- Munich Pact- Britain, France, Germany and Italy sign the Munich Pact, allowing Germany to invade the Czechoslovakian territories known as the Sudetenland. Britain chose to utilize a polity of appeasement in making the decision to sign the pact. 1939 January 1. 4. 1939- US/Germany/Italy Correspondence- FDR writes to Mussolini and Hitler, beseeching that they non attack any country, on a specified list, for 10 years. Hitler writes substantiate utter that FDR has cipher to fear. This statement by Hitler may be resolute to be mocking FDR, as in his inaugural address, FDR stated, we have nothing to fear, but fear itself. 1. 5. 1939- Senatorial Reject ion- The Senate rejected a Presidential necessitate for permission to offer economic assistance to Britain and/or France in display case of war. This decision supports the isolationist way of thinking. March 3. 15. 1939- Hitler violates his own promise do in the Munich Pact (1938) and annexes all of Czechoslovakia. August 8. 23. 1939- Hitler (Germany) and Josef Stalin (USSR) sign a Nonaggression Pact which allowed Hitler to invade Poland, while allowing the Soviet Union to strengthen its western borders. September 9. 1. 1939- Hitler invades Poland. , as permitted by the Nonaggression Pact, 9. . 1939-England, France, Australia, and New Zealand declare war on Germany, then beginning another world war. 9. 10. 1939- Canada declares war on Germany November 11. 3. 1939- Congress grants FDRs request to change neutrality laws as well as repeal an arms embargo so that munitions could be sold to Britain and France, and prevent American ships from slide into war zones. 1940 March 3. 1940- Germany utilizes its Blitzkrieg warfare, pummeling France in less than one day. April 4. 1. 1940- Germany conquers many of the low countries, including, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg.May 5. 16. 1940- Increased Defense spending- FDR requests that more money be allocated for defense, general opinion supports the new defense program, signaling a shift in public feeling in regards to the conflict. June 6. 10. 1940- Mussolini and his Italian pierces attack France from the southeastern. 6. 22. 1940- France Surrenders to Germany and signs an armistice saying as such. Great Britain is now left to stand alone to the Axis powers. July Selective Training and Service Act-Congress enacts the first counterinsurgencytime draft in history. This forebodes to approaching US involvement in the war. 7. 10. 940- Battle of Britain-Germany bombs Britain, most notably the firebombing of London. 7. 26. 1940- US withholds gasoline from Japan. In an attempt to draw and quarter Japan forswear, and weaker. September 9. 3. 1940- FDR agrees to give Britain 50 Destroyers in exchange for naval bases in Newfoundland, Bermuda, and sites in the Caribbean and the South Atlantic. 9. 25. 1940- Expansion of Nipponese Embargo. The US now includes steel and iron to the Japanese Embargo, which already included gasoline (July 26,1940) 9. 27. 1940- Tripartite Agreement- Japan joins the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and now Japan) October 10. 1. 1940- Battle of Britain ends. German Luftwaffe bombing strategy fails to quash British morale. November 11. 20. 1940- Hungary and Romania sign the Tripartite Agreement. Becoming part of the Axis powers. (Germany, Italy, Japan, and now Hungary and Romania) December 12. 29. 1940- FDR fireplace Chat- FDR claims that the US must be an Arsenal of Democracy. alike(p) to the reasoning for WWI, which was To make the world safe for Democracy 1941 March 3. 1. 1941- Bulgaria signs the Tripartite Agreement. Becoming part of the Axis powers. (Germ any, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania and now Bulgaria) 3. 11. 941-Lend- carry Act- authority to sell, transfer, or lease war goods to the politics of any Allied country. ENDED AMERICAN NEUTRALITY 3. 30. 1941- US ictus of Ships- US seizes 65 Axis ships which have sailed into American ports. April 4. 13. 1941- USSR and Japan sign a neutrality pact. May 5. 15. 1941- American Merchant ship- Robin Moor- drop by German torpedo in south Atlantic Ocean. FDR declares a National State of Emergency. June 6. 22. 1941- Germany invades Soviet Union. Violated nonaggression pact. US Secretary of War, enthalpy Stimson, estimates that Germany will conquer the USSR in 3 months. . 24. 1941- US extends the Lend Lease Act to the Soviet Union. July 7. 7. 1941- FDR Announces that the US will protect Iceland for the duration of the war. Similar to Teddy Roosevelts Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the US would be the international police force for Latin America. August 8. 14. 1941- Great Britain and United States sign Atlantic Charter. sound out opposition to fascism, even though US is still nominally neutral. 8. 17. 1941- US warns Japan to stop being aggressive, or else. (face the wrath of the US forces, that is) December 2. 7. 1941- A Day Which Will Live in Infamy garner Harbor- Japan launches a surprise attack on the US navy at the base in Pearl Harbor. Resulting in the death of all everyplace 2,300 service men and 68 civilians. 12. 11. 1941- War Declarations Germany and Italy- Declare war on US United States- Declares war on Germany, Italy and Japan 1942 April 4. 9. 1942- Japan captures US and Filipino forces at Manila. Bataan Death March Begins. May 5. 7. 1942- Battle of the coral Sea- US Navy repels Japanese forces, saves Australia June 6. 4. 1942- Battle of Midway- US again defeats Japanese.Coupled with the achievement at the Battle of the Coral Sea (May 7, 1942) *****TURNING POINT FOR THE struggle IN THE PACIFIC***** 6. 18. 1942- Manhatta n Project begins, design the atomic bomb. 1943 January 1. 1. 1943-Churchill and Roosevelt Plan- Prime look Winston Churchill and President FDR meet in Casablanca, North Africa to plan attacks on all fronts, invade Sicily and Italy, send forces to the Pacific, and to better aid the Soviet Union. 1. 31. 1943- Battle of Stalingrad over 90,000 German troops surrender to the Soviets **TURNING POINT IN contend AGAINST GERMANY** July 7. 25. 943- Mussolinis Fascist government in Italy is overthrown New Italian Government begins peace talks September 9. 8. 1943- Italy officially surrenders to Allied powers December 12. 1. 1943- Cairo Declaration- assort declare intention to establish an international organization meant to maintain world peace. 1944 June 6. 6. 1944- D-Day Invasion- Allied forces invade Normandy, France, to begin the reclaiming of Western europium from Germany. July 7. 24. 1944- Normandy and Brittany- Allied troops force a German retreat by reclaiming large portions of Nor mandy and Brittany August 8. 25. 944- Paris liberated from Nazi control by US forces and the let go of France Campaign. 1945 February 2. 11. 1945- Yalta Conference- the Big Three (Churchill, FDR, and Stalin) met to discuss Soviet dominance in easterly Europe Results Dual administrations in Berlin, the break up of Germany, and the prosecution of war criminals. (Nuremberg Trials) April 4. 12. 1945- President FDR dies of a Cerebral Hemorrhage. 4. 28. 1945- Italian soldiers catch Mussolini attempting to sneak out of the country and murder him. May 5. 8. 1945- V-E Day triumph in Europe is declared August 8. 6. 1945- Atomic Bomb Little Boy is dropped over Hiroshima Japan 8. . 1945- Atomic Bomb Fat Man is dropped over Nagasaki, Japan Both of these bombings resulted in severe, grave destruction 8. 14. 1945- Japan Surrenders 8. 15. 1945- V-J Day Victory in Japan is declared September 9. 2. 1945- Japan signs formal surrender agreement aboard the U. S. S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay. ****ENDS WWII* *** Works Cited 1945. knowledge base War II Timeline. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. . APUSH SparkChart 1865-2004. Www. Sparknotes. com. Sparknotes. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. . The History Place humanity War II in Europe Timeline. The History Place. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. . World War II Timeline. Shmoop. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. .

The Importance and Application of Principles of Management in the Present Day Context

The aim of all heavy new(a) organizations is to reconcile the organizational purpose (whether this be profit for sh beholders, or cost-effective work delivery, in the case of public services) with the take ups and feelings of people (staff, customers, suppliers, topical anesthetic communities, stakeholders, etc) with proper consideration for the figureet the world we live in (in price of sustainability, environment, wildlife, natural resources, our heritage, fair trade, other cultures and societies, etc) and at all quantifys acting with probity encompassing love, integrity, compassion, h unmatchablesty, and truth.Probity enables the other potentially conflicting aims to be accordant so that the mix is sustainable, ethical and successful. pic Traditional inward-looking solicitude and leadership skills (which historically considered only the purpose typically profit and the manners for achieving it) be no lengthy sufficient for sustainable organizational success. Org anizations spend a penny a far wider docket today. commission focusing is the process of reaching organizational goals by works with people and other resources.Or knowing what you want people to do, and then acquire them to do it the best way. Managers mustiness concentrate on reaching organizational goals, and they should enjoyment their resources to accomplish those goals. For many years the oversight process has been carve up into principles, sometimes called functions. Some sources provide state that there are quintuplet principles and others will say there are four. Here we will implement four plan, organizing, influencing, and controlling. Some people use close do as a fifth principle, but we will use decision making as part of the planning process.Also, some use leading alternatively of influencing, but we like the term influencing better. Management is a continuing process, and coach-and-fours are always involved in some way with these principles. These pr inciples are knowing to abet managers accomplish organizational objectives, and good managers will use them. These principles are not isolated but are interwoven throughout the managers thoughts and actions. Managers must combine and coordinate these principles and must maximize their apprise to achieve their goals.Managers strive to be effective and efficient and these principles avail them. These anxiety principles are universal and applicable to all types of businesses and organizations The basic ideas regarding scientific management developed. They include the following Developing new standard methods for doing each job Selecting, training, and developing workers instead of allowing them to choose their own tasks and train themselves Developing a spirit of cooperation between workers and management to ensure that work is carried out in accordance with devised procedures Dividing work between workers and management in al more or less mates shares, with each group takin g over the work for which it is best fitted Principles of Management The principles of management derive their significance from their utility. They provide useful insights to managerial look and influence managerial practices. Managers may apply these principles to fulfill their tasks and responsibilities. Principles guide managers in taking and implementing decisions. It may be appreciated that everything worthwhile is governed by an rudimentary principle.The quest of the management theorists has been and should be to unearth the underlying principles with a spate to using these under repetitive circumstances as a weigh of management habit. pic The significance of principles of management can be discussed in term of the following points Providing managers with useful insights into true(a)ity The principles of management provide the managers with useful insights into real world situations. Adherence to these principles will add to their knowledge, ability and understanding o f managerial situations and circumstances.It will likewise enable managers to learn from past mistakes and conserve time by solving recurring problems quickly. As such management principles attach managerial efficiency. For example, a manager can leave routine decision-making to his subordinates and sight with exceptional situations which require her/his expertise by following the principles of delegation. Optimum use of goods and services of resources and effective administration Resources both human and material available with the play along are limited. They have to be put to optimum use.By optimum use we mean that the resources should be put to use in such a manner that they should give maximum benefit with minimum cost. Principles equip the managers to call the cause and effect relationships of their decisions and actions. As such the wastages associated with a mental testing-and-error arise can be over get along. Principles of management limit the boundary of manageri al perceptiveness so that their decisions may be free from personal prejudices and twistes Scientific decisions Decisions must be based on facts, thoughtful and justifiable in impairment of the intended purposes.They must be timely, realistic and subject to measurement and evaluation. Management principles help in thoughtful decision-making. They emphasize logic rather than ruse faith. Management decisions taken on the basis of principles are free from bias and prejudice. They are based on the objective assessment of the situation. Meeting ever-changing environment requirements Although the principles are in the nature of general guidelines but they are modified and as such help managers to meet changing requirements of the environment.You have already studied that management principles are flexible to adapt to high-power business environment. For example, management principles emphasize division of work and specialization. In redbrick times this principle has been extended to the entire business whereby companies are specializing in their core competency and divesting non-core businesses. In this context, one may cite the decision of Hindustan Lever Limited in divesting non-core businesses of chemicals and seeds. Some companies are outsourcing their non-core activities like share-transfer management and advertising to outside agencies.So much so, that even core processes such as R&D, manufacturing and marketing are being outsourced today. Fulfilling social responsibility The increase awareness of the public, forces businesses especially limited companies to fulfill their social responsibilities. Management possibility and management principles have also evolved in response to these demands. Moreover, the interpretation of the principles also assumes newer and contemporary meanings with the alternate in time. So, if one were to talk of equity today, it does not apply to wages alone.Value to the customer, care for the environment, and dealings with bu siness associates would all come under the purview of this principle. Management training, education and research Principles of management are at the core of management theory. As such these are employ as a basis for management training, education and research. You must be aware that entrance to management institutes is preceded by management aptitude tests. Do you think that these tests could have been developed without an understanding of management principles and how they may be applied in different situations?These principles provide basic groundwork for the using of management as a discipline. Principles of Scientific Management In the preceding days of the Industrial Revolution, in the absence of an established theory of manufacturing plant organization, factory owners or managers relied on personal judgment in attending to the problems they confronted in the course of managing their work. This is what is referred to as ascertain of thumb. Managing factories by rule of t humb enabled them to handle the situations as they arose but suffered from the limitation of a trial and error approach.For their experiences to be emulated, it was important to know what works and why does it work. For this, there was a need to follow an approach that was based on the method of science- Defining a problem, developing alternative solutions, anticipating consequences, measuring progress and force conclusions The Main principles of management applied today are Division of take in Work is divided into small tasks/jobs. A trained specialist who is sufficient is required to perform each job. Thus, division of work leads to specialization. Specialization produces more than and better work with the same effort. Authority and responsibility Authority is the remunerate to give orders and the power to exact obedience. A manager has official delegacy because of her position, as well as personal authority based on individual personality, intelligence, and experience. Aut hority creates responsibility. Discipline Discipline is the obedience to organizational rules and employment agreement which are necessary for the working of the organization. According to Fayol, discipline requires good superiors at all levels, clear and fair agreements and judicious application of penalties. angiotensin-converting enzyme of Command An employee should receive orders from only one superior. Unity of Direction organisational activities must have one central authority and one plan of action. Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest The interests of one employee or group of employees are subordinate to the interests and goals of the organization. Remuneration of personnel Salaries the price of services rendered by employees should be fair and provide satisfaction both to the employee and employer. centralisation and Decentralization The concentration of decision-making authority is called centralization whereas its dispersal among more than one p erson is known as decentralization. The objective of centralization is the best economic consumption of personnel. The degree of centralization varies according to the dynamics of each organization. Scalar filament An organization consists of superiors and subordinates. The formal lines of authority from highest to lowest ranks are known as scalar chain. Order Organizational order for materials and personnel is essential.The rightfield materials and the right employees are necessary for each organizational function and activity. Equity In organizations, equity is a combination of kindliness and justice. Both equity and equating of treatment should be considered when dealing with employees. Stability of tenure of personnel To coin the maximum productivity of personnel, a stable work force is needed. hatchway Thinking out a plan and ensuring its success is an extremely unwavering motivator. Zeal, energy, and initiative are desired at all levels of the organizational ladder . Esprit de corps Teamwork is fundamentally important to an organization. Work teams and extensive face-to-face verbal conference encourages teamwork. Change management is a basic skill in which most leaders and managers need to be competent. When leaders or managers are planning to manage flip, there are five key principles that need to be kept in mind Different people react differently to change Everyone has fundamental needs that have to be met Change much involves a loss, and people go through the loss curve Expectations need to be managed realistically Fears have to be dealt withHow to apply the above principles when managing change Give people choices to make, and be honest about the realistic consequences of those choices. Where it is possible to do so, give individuals opportunity to record their concerns and provide reassurances also to help assuage potential fears. Give people information be aerofoil and honest about the facts, but dont give overoptimistic speculation. For large groups, produce a communication strategy that ensures information is disseminated efficiently and comprehensively to everyone (dont let the grape vine take over). Keep observing good management practice, such as making time for informal discussion and feedback (even though the pressure capacityiness seem that it is reasonable to let such things slip during difficult change such practices are even more important). Give people time, to express their views, and support their decision making, providing coaching, counseling or information as appropriate, to help them through the loss curve. Where the change involves a loss, identifies what will or might replace that loss loss is easier to cope with if there is something to replace it. This will help assuage potential fears.

African Americans Status in 1890 Essay

There were many problems that African Americans faced in the 1890s around of which unagitated exist in at onces lodge. African Americans fork up come a long way and earned many rights just still live with the gravelyships that they had in the 1890s. The status of African Americans at this beat in United States history was not legal. Blacks had a very hard time living especially in the in the south. The problems that blacks dealt with were primarily found in the south where they were not accepted.Segregation became huge across the entire south after the Supreme Court ruled that Separate but contact was legal in the Plessy v. Ferguson case. Everything was separate but it was almost n invariably equal. Whites always had things better than African Americans did. Blacks could not ride in the equal caravan cars as whites. The national government gave blacks the right to vote but grey state governments took away that right through the use of summit taxes and literacy tests.A volumed problem that blacks faced was trying to stay alive. Many blacks were killed for no reason during this period of time. Jim Crow laws were set up to keep blacks from enjoying the same rights and privileges that whites enjoyed everyday. The Ku Klux Klan was set up by whites who had hatred for blacks. Blacks in the south feared for their lives and their families lives everyday. It was plastered that African Americans would be confronted by racism each and everyday in the south.Relationships between blacks and whites have greatly improved in the last light speed but things still are not perfect and it is unlikely that they ever will be. The greatest changes were made during the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s when blacks stood up for themselves and gained their rights as American citizens. Laws were finally passed that made literacy tests and poll taxes illegal. Segregation came to an end after Brown v. Board of Education glum over the ruling made in Plessy v. Fe rguson. There was no drawn-out Separate but equal, it was now just equal.Although many big steps have been taken to stopping racism and segregation it still exists in our lives today. African Americans still see racism everyday purge though they are now doing many things with whites. Blacks and whites have been able to peacefully interact with each other for decades but you still see newspapers talk of the town about segregation and racism. The overall improvement has been very significant. Comparing todays society to the 1890s show a lot of good change yet there are still problems in our society with race relations.

Comparison of ‘Harry Potter and the philosopher’s stone’ and ‘Aice in Wonderland’ Essay

The piece of extract that I pay score elect to analyse from hassle throwster and the Philosophers stone is from chapter thirteen, Rons nerves were at breaking pointhe was petrified. The reason why I have elect to explore this piece of text is because on that point are numerous occasions in this extract where some of the characters face a challenge. From Alice in Wonderland, the text that I have chosen to analyse is from chapter one, in that location was nonentity rattling remarkableit would not open. I have chosen to explore this extract because it is in this piece of text where Alice enters Wonderland although she has no pool cue of where she is. vex muck about and the Philosophers stone is about an orphan called Harry Potter who is reluctantly been taken in by his relative, the Dursleys, a mean-spirited unimaginative family. at present our sympathies lie with Harry as we see how he is mistreated by the Dursleys. It is not until his eleventh birthday when he learns the tr uth about himself and his look is changed forever. Harry learns that he is a wizard and that his parents had not died in a car crash like how he was told and they were killed by a truly powerful dark wizard whose name is not mainly said and called You recognise who because of how more than the opposite wizards fear him. From this point on, Harry leaves the Dursleys and moves into a completely opposite world where he is a in truth famous figure and attends Hogwarts, a school that teaches witchcraft and wizardry.Throughout the book, Harry faces opposition from almost wherever he goes. Alice in Wonderland is about a young girl who finds herself in an unfamiliar and an extraordinary, mystical world cognize as Wonderland. Alice enters Wonderland after she slips down a dassie hole in pursuit of a hyrax she hears berateing. She follows the mouse hare down a very deep rabbit hole and falls into a room. She doesnt know where she is be cheeks that does not make her panic. She the n comes across a nursing bottle containing a magical potion which causes Alice to shrink in size and here she faces a challenge in getting hold of the golden expose which she had remaining on top of the wooden table. The main characters from both overbolds are depicted very differently to each other.In the extract from Harry Potter and the Philosophers stone, Harry faces a challenge in purpose the shop at before the Hufflepuff seeker finds it. This is made difficult for Harry, firstly because he feels haul from Wood and the other Gryffindor team players as this is a very signifi potentiometert game for them and secondly because Snape is refereeing the match and he will be biased against Gryffindor. Just as Harry feels pressure, in Carrolls novel Alice is portrayed as very ignorant towards the natural world. This is the reason why Alice does not see it as existence strange when she hears a rabbit say to itself Oh dear, Oh dear I shall be late it is not until the rabbit take s a watch out of its waistcoat, she in truthizes that it is very unusual for a rabbit to make this action and this is why she follows him down the rabbit hole.The Victorian geological era plays a large role in Carrolls novel. The queen was the controlling figure at the time. It was also an era of punctuality which regards to the rabbit being late. The Victorian era was an age of growth and self- telly, this relates to Alice discovering a completely natural world whereas in Rowlings novel, Harry does not only discover a completely different world but faces a study challenge in discovering his own self, which he finds very difficult to intrust at the start because he has spent the last few old age of his life in a cupboard under a staircase. In Carrolls novel, the queen is dominant over Wonderland unlike Rowlings novel, where there is no queen or king of the magical world, but there is a Minis get a line of conjuration which tries to keep the Magical World away from the non-m agical world. Hagrid describes the Ministry of Magic as messin things up as usual and we get a very similar impression of the queen in Carrolls novel . worry many other novels from the Victorian times, Carrolls novel also has a reference to the class. We get this impression when Alice struggles to get hold of the golden key which she had forgotten on top of the wooden table. In Rowlings novel, there is no reference to the class instead it is all about whether psyche is pure-blood, half-blood or a mudblood. Hermione is taunted by Malfoy and the other Slytherins for being a mud-blood or having non-magical parents. The reason why the Slytherins tease mud-bloods is because they are all pure-bloods themselves.Ron on the other hand is a pure blood but is teased for the neediness of money his family has. In this extract Ron faces a challenge in transaction with Malfoy when he is insulted by him. Ron chooses the option of beating him up and as Crabbe and Goyle try to help Malfoy, Longbotto m also gets involved to help Ron. Rowling has done this to show that Longbottom has the resolution to face his enemies even though he is bullied by Malfoy and his gang because they conceptualise he is very stupid and doesnt have the courage to contain up for himself. It is not that Longbottom gets involved shows us he has courage but he takes on two other people who are much bigger than him in size. Rons action shows us that he has a very short temper and if he loses it then he can be very brutal.From the extract I have chosen from Carrolls novel, Alice faces a challenge in finding out where she is and how to get out. At the end of the fall, Alice hears the rabbit and does not give up in chasing it which leads her into a long, low hall. She finds a key and faces a challenge in finding the door the key goes to. After she finds that the key goes to none of the doors, she still does not panic instead she goes around again and finds the real door but notices that the door is too smal l. It is a major challenge for her to recognize the real world. When she is falling down the rabbit hole, she thinks that the people on the other side of the Earth would walk on their heads whereas she does not understand that everyone is pulled to the centre of the undercoat and the fact that it is impossible for anyone to walk on their head.She also thinks that she will roughly fall right through the Earth but this is also impossible. Her ignorance is the factor that makes her so unafraid of anything and this is the explanation to the fact that she heard the rabbit talk and didnt find it so remarkable. Carroll Characterizes Alice as being a show off with her vocabulary and he does this by putting a load of non-sense in her speech. Harry on the other hand is set forth as very quite and completely the opposite of showing off, this is why despite knowing how famous he is, he does not use it to show off.

My First Time Peering Through a Telescope Essay

When I was eight years old, I peered through a telescope for the premier time in my life. It was a small device, no more than deuce metres long, and yet it let me glimpse a brilliant view of Jupiter it was the size of it of a marble, magnificently striated in hues of brown, red and orange. Then, when I was 13, I went to the Birla Planetarium in Hyderabad, where I revisited my five-year old fascination with Jupiter as I sat interest in the arena as a cosmic dance vie out in the canvas stretched above my head stars flew around, tumbling in and out of the horizon, the rings of Saturn floating serenely in space, moons rising and backing through a mlange of blues, yellows and greens.It was a performance I seaportt forgotten to this day, remembering it as an eternally unfolding story, a few hundred pages in the epic saga of the universe. It could study been the charismatic express of the narrator, it could confound been the undisturbed loneliness on the dark of my stargazing, it could even have been my mindless interest thereafter to find out more and more nearly the travellers in the heavens, but today, those memories are the seeds of my pettishness for astroparticle physics.Many hatful even science graduates hear the name and think its a big deal. It is not. Astroparticle physics is the study of the stuff that stars are make of, and by extension, as Carl Sagan said, the stuff that we are made of. It is the search for and the sense of the smallest particles that make up this universe one elegant phenomenon at a time. And just as my curiosity toward it was aroused one cloudless night in a small town in South India, so has it sustained not within classrooms, not under the guidance of academic lecturers, but in my room, in the books I bought to teach myself more intimately it, in problems I solved, the simulations I ran and the experiments I conducted, in my mind where I could never rest without knowing how the universe worked.In the last 15 years, I h ave learned where the stars come from that fascinate little children as little, bright spots in the sky, I have learned what the comets that trial Hollywoods most romantic scenes really are, and I have learn all about our sun and the significance of human life. closeimportantly, I have painted a glittering picture of the earth for myself having met a wide range of people young and old just now by learning what I dont know about and teaching what I do to anyone who is willing to listen. It is not a passion that I ever see fading because it has been an integral part of my growth years, a symbol of my parents support and my friends patience, and my own strengths, weaknesses and perseverance.

Analysis of Female Characters in Shakespeare’s Othello

ANALYSIS OF FEMALE CHARACTERS IN OTHELLO In this paper I have tried to analyse the fe anthropoid tempers of Shakespe ars Othello in the unwarranted of Elizabethan Era, and status of women in 12th century, the age from which the source of Othello is taken. I have in addition discussed the status of wo existence in Christianity in Shakespe atomic number 18an times. The main purpose of this research article in the analyse the female characters of Othello that they were not contrary from the real life of Shakespeargonan times nor exotic from the women of 12th Century.Othello a minacious Moor, a warrior, won many battles, becomes a victim of jealousy and conspiracy of Roderigo. Who hates Othello not due to racial detriment just rather jealousy that Othello has won fair Desdemona (1-1) Shakespe atomic number 18s primary election source for Othello was Un Capitano moro, (A Moorish Captain), one of the One hundred short stories in the collection. Gli Hecatommithi published by the Italian, Cinthio (web) (1566-Venice). Cinthios story provides the backbone for Shakespe bes plot of land although he changed and introduced some minor characters e. Brabantio and Roderigo. In Cinthios episode Iagos motive for revenge over against Othello was that he reveld Desdemona, who out proper(ip)ly jilted his proposal. The tragedy of Othello takes place in Venice and Cypress, Iago uses Desdemona through genus genus Emilia and inflames a costly man with jealousy. In the beginning of the ferment the seed of conflict are sown when Roderigo shouts in dark at Brabantios house, the news of Desdemonas elopement that she hath do a gross revolt, Tying her duty, beauty wit and fortunes.In an spendthrift and wheeling stranger Of here and ein truthwhere Brabontio thinks that it was due to some black head game that was used by Othello, the black moor, we see that there are hints of hostility within the act as rough Othellos Moorish fountain and his differences in religion an d culture when Othello tinges his story of love before the Duke in the Venation Senate and he convinces all of them that he n forever used sorcerous or drugs. Barbantio demands that Desdemona should testify, she affirms her duty to her bugger off (I. iii) (179-180).Who gave her life and education, but asserts she has a high duty than this to Othello, as he is her husband. My Noble Father I also perceive here a divided duty To you I am bound for life and education My life and education both do learn me How to respect you your are the lord of duty I am therefore your daughter but here is my husband. (I. iii. 180-185) Desdemona is presented as a real Christian character possessing all the virtues of honour adapted woman. She respects her go, admits his love and vows to succeed her husband. She suffers more(prenominal) than any other character of the mulct.Othello also loves Desdemona from his heart in the beginning and utters it as But that I have the gentle Desdemona, I wou ld not my unhoused free condition Put into circumscription and confine For the seas worth (I. ii. 25-28) The love of Othello is corrupted by Iagos conspiracy and Othello is confine in his jealousy inflamed by handkerchief plot. His loves turns him touchy and he uses the weapon of violence against the fair Desdemona. His hate is so much for Desdemona that he says to Lodovico Ay you did wish that I would make her turns.Sir, she turns, and turns and yet go on, And turn again and she bottomland weep, sir, weep And she is obedient, as you say obedient, Very obedient. (IV. iii 252-257) frankincense Othello implies that Desdemona is available to Lodovico or to any one else, also, because she is as obedient that she can obey any one. What is the significance of handkerchief of Othello? In Othello there are two method of accountings of handkerchief, in the first Othello warms Desdemona that his handkerchief is love charm with magic in the web given to his mother by an Egyptian.In the rec ord account Othello tells Grantiano it was an antique token/ My father gave my father. Othellos two different versions make readers/audience baffle that which one is true. The fatal handkerchief is very important in the play (Andrews) In the beginning in of the play Desdemona is shown as an adventurous spirit when her husband Othello is called for military duty in Cypress, she begs to go with him and cannot think of remaining alone at home without her husband. hitherto Othello woos Desdemona by telling adventurous stories of actions and danger.She heard all these tales with Greedy ears Desdemona wishes that The leavens had made her a man like Othello (I. iii) Desdemona is very expressive just about her love for Othello she is bold and bewitching in expressing her love for Othello even before her father and the duke and she also openly announces that she will go to Cypress, which shows that she was pretty frank about her evokeual desire for her husband. Desdemona suffers much mor e than any other character of the play. She is a right natured young and beautiful lady ,and possesses all good qualities and Christian virtues.Then why she suffers so much? Shakespearean conveys the possibility that graven images deeds in the play, a work that prompts playgoers to believe that she deserves blessedness (her taking Cassios case as her own), directly leads to her death (Hunt 2004). The character of Desdemona is that if an ideal wife as Carroll Camden calls her in Iago on woman (2004). In Othello Desdemona disobeying her, back chatting with Iago (II. i), lying Othello of her death (V. ii), admiring Lodovico as a Proper mankind (IV. I) and pressing Cassios suit to Othello.It is important to promissory note that several critics have-to doe with Desdemona for violating Elizabethan or Jacobean law and propriety by denying her father and running off with the Moor (Kolin). Desdemona is one the most beautiful heroines of Shakespeare, when Brabantio arrives to stop Othe llo, he says that if it is impossible that a maid so tender, fair and adroit (I. ii 66). Would ever love a scary black man like Othello. Cassio describes her beauty That paragon description and wild fame (II. i), here he means to say that Desdemona is more beautiful than ny possible description of her beauty, more beautiful than the wildest story of any womans beauty. She is indeed the most fresh and delicate creature (II-iii-19). When Othello saw his handkerchief is Cassios hand, Iago encourages Othellos murderous mood by reminding him that Cassio gave the precious handkerchief to his whore, Bianca. Iago continues to subtly summation Othellos fury through his use of sexual innuendo as he tells Othello that Cassio has the handkerchief and implies that he has confessed to sleeping with Desdemona (Bate & Rasmussen 2009).Othello was still uncertain his unlogical language shows the breakdown of his self-control (IV-i). He falls down unconscious mind as Cassio arrives and Iago tells him that Othello has epilepsy, warning that he breaks into savage madness if woken from fit. It is interesting to note in Othello, Shakespeare uses female characters through Iago for the downfall of Othello. The conspiracies are woven with the swear out of women. All the triad woman characters of Othello and theare used against Othello. It is true that Othello is all male- world- play of Shakespeare.Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca are rejected by their male partners and all triad love their men unselfishly, even when confronted by behavior that we would deem cause for divorce at the very last. All the women are engaged to anisometric partnerships. They feel more for their self-centered men than the men are able-bodied for reciprocating. However, the women also display genuine emotions toward each other that is not reflected in any of the male characters. Besides Desdemona, Emilia is an important character, she is elder and misanthropical than Desdemona. She develops a close rela tionship with the young married Desdemona.They form a bond of relationship over husband trouble. It is interesting to note that Emilias one dishonest act towards Desdemona is the stealing of handkerchief, she did not chouse the plot of Iago, her act of stealing turns out to have devastating consequences. (IV ) alas Emilias little theft ends up causing her takeoff boosters death. Emilia realizes the importance of handkerchief and when she discovers about Iagos nuisance plot against Othello and she relives the truth. She washes the bad name of Desdemona. She also sacrifices her own life so that Desdemona wont be remembered as a whore.Iago and Emilia are married but their relationship is not based on shared understanding. Iago ever talks trash about woman in general. Emilia is eager to delight him. She steals Desdemonas handkerchief in order to please Iago. I nothing but to please his fantasy (III-iiii). She tries to gratify Iagos thirst for power and wishes without involving in to any evil designs which are in Iagos mind who would not make her husband A cockold to make him a monarch? I should venture purgatory for. (IV-iii) Like Desdemona, Emilia craves for affection. She is very dominated like Desdemona and Bianca.It was common in the Elizabethan woman to be henpecked and devoted to male figures whether father or husband. Emilias sourness boils over in the final scene during which she says that husbands are usually to shoot when their wives cheat on them. After all, men cheat on woman all the time. Why shouldnt woman have an equal right to infidelity? Although, Shakespeare wrote Othello in the early 1600s. Emilias monologue is about as close as we find in later feminist manifesto. Third female character is that of Bianca, a Venatian courtier, who is in love with Cassio.Cassio always uses her as a laughable nuisance. Biancas character is very human and Cassio uses her for his sexual needs and treats her like a garbage. why is she presented as a prost itute in the play? when there are only three woman characters. Actually Venice was famous for prostitution and promiscuity. She is a foil to the upright and ever fatithful Desdemona. But hardhearted soldier in Othello does not cognize the difference between these women. He is easily cheated by gentle Iago that Desdemona is having extra-marital sex with Cassio.It is also very interesting that all three woman, Desdemona Emilia and Bianca, are accused at some point or another of be promiscuous Each one of these women are rejected by their male partners. It was an error of judgment on the part of Othello that he was not able to understated Iagos plot to ruin Othello. The woman, especially Desdemona, suffers most in the play. Emilia and Bianca also suffer, and Othello takes revenge and kills Iago when he comes to know about the reality. The play ends with a great loss, the death of Desdemona is the most tragic one, because she was the the sweetest innocent/that ever did lift up eye. V -ii). In the fits of jealousy Othello was blind to all love and affections of a human being, he acts like a skirt chaser when he says O, she was foul I scarce did know your, uncle there lies your niece. Whose trace indeed, these hands have newly stopped. I know this act shows horrible and given(5) Iago stabs Emilia and when Othello was told the truth of handkerchief and Iagos plot by demise Emilia. Who announces the innocence of Desdemona to Othello Moor, she was chaste she loved three cruel Moor So come my soul to bliss, as I speak true So speaking as I think, I die, I die. (Dies)Othello was almost mad after knowing the truth, he comes to know that his wife was innocent, when Gratiano enters into the bedchamber he requests him O cursed, cursed salve Whip me, ye devils From the possession of this heavenly batch Blow me about in words Roast me in sulpher dud me in steep-down gulfs of liquid fire O Desdemona Dead, Desdemona Dead O ( V-II) The distortion and remorse of killing w as felt at heart by abject Othello, he stabs himself and gives a proof to world that never allow jealousy over come reason and also washes all the stains from the name of beautiful Desdemona. Othello utters his last words I kissed thee ere I killed thee No way but this (falling upon Desdemona) Killing myself, to die upon a kiss. (Dies) ( V-ii) Lodovico, a kinsman to Brabantio, asks Gratiano, Brother to Brabantio. Myself will at once aboard and to the state This heavy act with heavy heart relate (V- ii) References .Andrews, M. C. (2004). Honest Othello The Handkerchief once More. Studies in English Literature. camden, C. (n. d. ). Iago on women. Hunt, M. (2004). Shakespeares ghostlike Allusiveness. ashgate. Kolin, P. C. (n. d. ). Othellonew critical essays. Rasmussem, J. B. (2009). William shakespeare. Palgrave Macmillan.