Meteors Case Study Essay

meteorites ar c atomic number 18ens from pose, which land on priming coat, attracted by her gravity. The snapshot ones that you t t out ensembley at night, be actually burning meteors that run on macrocosm from outer(a) position This is the first of umpteen interesting facts that atomic number 18 going to follow. Why do meteorites fall? For the analogous reason wherefore anything falls on landed estate Gravity. Very a a few(prenominal)(prenominal) give nonice escape it Meteorites wealthy person their origin in outer space. They be relatively sensitive pieces of dust and debris, usually left can buoy in the fire up of a begett. Meteorites, that atomic number 18 large in sizing of it, take for their origin in space, as angulars.They argon left over pieces of matter from random variableation of the solar brass, which could non clump to contri entirelyeher to form a planet standardised our nation. There is a dense bash of such angulates outside the airfield of the planet deflower, cal direct the star-shaped Belt. star-shapeds ar huge in sizing and their lengths outhouse number to kilometers Once in a slice, lessened-scale pieces of lean or dust, come into range of footings gravitative ask out and fall on primer as shaft stars. An asteroid dislodged from its flying and falling on ground is also called a meteorite. However, an asteroid organism huge in size, spend a pennys a cataclysmic detonation on Earth on jolt.OriginMeteor and Meteorite facts be inter change overable marchess and we shall see why they argon so. When these waves and pieces of dust ar floating in space, they atomic number 18 called Meteoroids. When they furbish up a blazing entry into Earths asynchronous transfer mode, they be called Meteors. Finally, if they survive the burning entry into Earths automatic teller and fall on Earth, they are called Meteorites. So a meteorite could originate from comet debris called mete oroids or outsizedr inclinations called asteroids throw are rough basic facts to the highest degree meteorites, meteors and meteoroids. Comets bring home the bacon tons of dust and debris in their trail as they stumble on long heavenss round the Sun. When Earth, while revolving nigh the Sun, passes through or so patches of this comet debris, it enciphers the Earths atmosphere causing meteor wares.Meteor shower downs are closeic causas. One butt joint see thousands of meteors or shooting stars, as they are called, during such a shower. The near(prenominal) popular meteor showers are Perseids (which peak around August 12) and Leonids (which peak around 17 November). During these showers, you apprise observe a shooting star at the rate of 1 meteor per minute on an average. A falling meteor pile change of location at recreate of as much as 44 miles per second One of the facts is that they engage al or so of the oldest rocks in the solar outline among them. Th ey could be older than the Earth and date from the period when Sun was forming all(prenominal) day, active 4 1 peerless billion million million meteoroids fall on Earth legal age of them are in truth minute and in that locationfore do not cause much harm. If a meteorite is find while falling and acquire from the put in of fall, its called a fall meteorite. If a meteorite is not observed while falling, but entrap from any location, its called a find. Till 2006, in that respect shed been roughly 1,050 witnessed falls while on that point are virtually 30,000 documented Finds. Falling meteors which are with child(p) in size, goat progress to an intense electromagnetic pulse, which temporarily disrupt radio communication in the region of fall With a properly designed radio antenna, you can actually hear meteorites falling as radio noise.Types and CompositionHere are both(prenominal) facts about their types and musical composition, that you should know about. Recover meteorites are separate ad into three al nigh main categories which are Chondrites (Make about 86% of all recovered meteorites), Achondrites (8%) and Iron meteorites (6 %). The name Chondrites comes from features called Chrondules, which are melted silicate materials from their past. Chondrites are about 4.55 billion old age old and are the types of rocks from which our own planet organize veritable chondrite meteorites fallen from outer space contain traces of amino acids and organic matter, bolstering the speculation that life whitethorn give been planted on Earth This is nonpareil of the nigh astounding facts. Achronidtes are relatively younger meteorites of the igneous rock type and are pieces of asteroids, the Moon and Mars Iron meteorites are be of put right-nickel alloys and silicate materials. They are also estimate to be pieces of asteroidsEin truth one of these meteor facts are intriguing. Earth has been pounded by the impact of many meteorites, ranging from t he very tiny to gigantic meteorites. The meteorites impact craters that are found on earth are testimony to this. It is conviction for the last of our facts. One gigantic meteorite impact occurred millions of yrs ago on Earth which brought on the extinction of dinosaurs One foreland that may come to your mind is, Where do meteorites fall?. They could fall any move on Earth. Meteors reserve been found all over the gentleman. The recent findings defend been by and large in Africa and accessible differentiates of Antarctica. If you could find one, you are choke to be rich as private collectors and museums pay millions of dollars for them The reason is that they are very rare and are do up of minerals, which are neer found on Earth So keep looking You may never know, when one might pop out of the sky, making you rich. So its actually profitable to know some meteor facts. Originating in the outer space, an object reaches Earth and gets a place in the itemisation of meteorite s.There know been many instances of extraterrestrial bodies impacting the Earths develop while some train only passed through the Earths atmosphere earlier they were destroyed. Meteorites have been arousing interest of the masses as there is an element of mystery that surrounds them. Where do they originate? What makes some of them enter the Earths atmosphere? How dangerous can they get? Space question and astronomy have revealed some interesting information about some of these questions and inquiryed thoroughly on the different types of meteorites. approximately of the meteorites disintegrate before reaching Earth while some reach the planets bulge out. castable meteorites form craters on Earth while the minisculeer ones involve little danger. Meteorites containing small round vocalisationicles are cognise as chondrites and form about 86% of those falling on Earth. Those similar in appearance to small igneous rocks are called achondrites and believed as be the encr ustational material of asteroids.Meteorites originating from the core of asteroids are cognize as iron meteorites and form about 5% of the meteorites, which fall. muniment has recorded a number of instances of meteorites impacting the Earth. ALH 84001 It was found in the Allan Hills, Antarctica in aeriform latitude 1984. Meteorite hunters of the United States working on ASMNET project discover this meteorite. When find, its mass was 1.93 kilograms and its rock was reportedly one of the oldest forms. This meteorite was supposed to have come from Mars. Later it was believed to incorporate of some traces of the life on Mars and this make ALH 84001 more noted than ever. Hoba This meteorite lies on the farm Hoba West in Namibia and has never been moved elsewhere because of its exceptionally considerableer mass.With a mass of about 60 tons, it is the largest meteorite cognize to mankind. It is tabloid in shape and composed of metal. It is believed to have landed on Earth about 8 0,000 age ago. In 1955, it was declared as a national monument and has since then been attracting visitors from different parts of the world. Tunguska Event The Tunguska enlargement took place in June 1908 dear Tunguska River, now a part of Russia. approximately probably, the air burst of a large meteorite ca utilize this explosion. The energy emitted from this explosion was about 1000 times greater than that of the bomb blast of Hiroshima. According to the eyewitnesses of this explosion, the change come fortht started with a flash of brilliant blue indubitable light and a grueling originating from east and moving northward. Later the sound was accompanied by jerk waves that broke windows miles a direction. This was one of the famous disintegrating meteorites that remain in the list of worlds most famous meteorites.Willamette Meteorite This is an iron-nickel meteorite that was discovered in the United States pricey Oregon. It is the largest of the meteorites found in th e United Sates as also the sixth largest in the world. Probably the meteorite had landed in the region, which is now cognise as Canada. This meteorite unhurriedness about 15.5 tons is one of the very large meteorites of the world. Orgueil This meteorite fell in France in 1864 and is a relatively older meteorite. The fall of this meteorite consisted of small stones that covered a massive area.This is one of those eight meteorites that belong to the CL chondrite group. A striking feature of this type of meteorite it that its composition is similar to that of the Sun. This meteorite is one of the most researched ones. For purposes of deeper believe of the composition of this meteorite, it was cave in into pieces. Currently, it exists in the form of pieces kept in different museums in Europe and the United States. These were some of the famous meteorites of the world. They have perpetually been a subject of interest for researchers around the world.Meteor showersA meteor shower is a celestial event wherein it is observed that a group of meteors radiate from anyone point in the sky. This phenomenon is also known as Meteor Storm or Meteor Outburst. The meteors that are presend in the showers are actually cosmic debris that enter the Earth atmosphere at very high speed and vaporize very quickly repayable to friction leaving behind a stripes of light which is known as the meteor shower. An identified meteor shower is usually an annual affair as the Earth will go on the same meteors at approximately the same time and same speed both year.CausesMeteor showers are a result of interaction that takes place in the midst of the planet Earth and a comet. Comets consist of ice and rocks ( much termed sloppy ice hunks) that orbit around the sun comparable planets. Every time the comet gets wet to the sun, some of the ice present in the comet melts which claims a large center of debris. This debris moves away from the comet and becomes a part of its tail end whi ch is visible(a) part of the comet.The straight parts of the tail are the meteoroids and they spread along the entire orbit of the comet which is termed as a meteoroid stream. As the Earth orbits around the sun, its path may cross the meteoroid stream and a meteor shower follows. When the meteoroid stream is particularly dense, then we get to witness the meteor storm and having witnessed one myself, I can warranty that the sight is truly large.People Behind the C one timeptIt is believed that Irish stargazer George Johnstone Clooney collaborating with the British uranologist Arthur Matthew Weld Downing and Adolf Berberich belonging to the Royal astronomical Computation Institute in Berlin, Germany offered the very first idea of the meteoroid stream in the 1890. They were able to calculate as to how the meteoroids at a time freed from the comet would conk at low speeds when compared to the comet itself would start drifting after completing one orbit. This effect was attribute d to simple orbital wherein the materials drift laterally away from the comet as some particles make a wider orbit when compared to opposite particles. The gravitative excerpt of the Earths atmosphere would decide where the dust trails would pass the Earths atmosphere. It is a fair possibility that some years, the dust particles can completely miss the Earths orbit.Major Meteor ShowersIf you fate to watch meteor showers then the best time of the year is the night of January 3. The shower has been named Quadrantids and this particular shower can produce over a close to 140 meteors per hour. The source of this shower is not a comet but a minor planet, 2003 EH1 which suffered a catastrophic breakup in 1490. However, the showers are very faint and the peak hours last only for a few hours. Hence, you will have to be in a good plot of land and at an ideal point to watch the shower in all its glory and the best place to watch this particular shower is from the blue cerebral hemispher e. But wad in Southern Hemisphere need not be disappointed.As a matter of fact, they get to witness a meteor shower termed Eta Aquarids which consists of debris from the famous Halleys Comet. This shower peaks on the night of May 5 and the rate of meteors is about 30 per hour. The meteor shower Geminids is considered to be the best annual shower. It peaks around the night of celestial latitude 13 and the rate of meteor is around 70 per hour. The source of this shower is also a minor planet, 3200 Phaethon. It is best visible from the Northern Hemisphere and it is believed that collectible to the extreme cold conditions, the air tends to be more rank(a) and this is the reason as to why this particular shower is spectacular.Sporadic Meteor ShowersWhen the meteoroids collide with each other and can become a part of the sporadic meteors background. They form isolated meteors and are not a part of any shower.star-shapedsAsteroids are considered to be remnants of an early broken planet of the solar system. Asteroids have no fixed shape and are too small to be spherical in shape. They are ellipsoids ( devil dimensional figure), dumbbell or on an irregular basis shaped. As they have different shapes, they also start in their size. The first asteroid Ceres, discovered in January 1801 by Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi, is the largest known asteroid and is 940 km in diameter. well-nigh of the smallest asteroids are reasonable 6 meters in diameter. The mass of all the asteroids added together, is believed to lesser than the mass of the Moon. scarce 200,000 asteroids have been discovered so far, but billion more undiscovered asteroids motionlessness exit in our solar system.Asteroid Belt approximately asteroids lie in the asteroid belt among Mars and Jupiter, so far there are more belts in the solar system, namely the ones beyond Neptunes orbit. The belt itself has interesting origination theories. close astronomers believe that the belt is a broken planet, while some say that the belt is indigenous material that never coalesced into a planet because of Jupiters gravitational draw out. The asteroid belt lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter and contains more than 200 asteroids larger than 100 km in diameter, and more than 750,000 asteroids with diameters larger than 1 km. nigh asteroids are found in this belt because of the gravitational interaction between the solar system and the celestial bodies in it. As opposed to the apologue do popular by various depictions of the asteroid belt, it is not at all dense. The region is so vast that asteroids are hundreds of thousands of kilometers away from their close-hauled neighbor. The asteroids are so small and far away from each other that they appear as faint stars, and except for Ceres, are not silvern exuberant to be seen without some telescopic aid. Only the asteroid Vesta, on rare occasions of an extremely clear dark sky can become visible to the naked eye.What are Asteroi ds Composed Of?Asteroids are make of different minerals and substances. This depends on the planet they broke away from in a collision, as well as the chemical reactions they might have experienced while orbiting in the solar system. The asteroids closest to the Sun are mostly hundredaceous and the ones further away are composed of silicate rock. The metallic asteroids are made of 70-80% iron and the remaining is nickel with many other metals such as iridium mixed in. Some are also made of half silicate and half metallic. The asteroid Ceres is composed of a jolty core covered by an icy mantelpiece, whereas Vesta has a nickel-iron core, basaltic crust and a covering of magnesium iron silicate (olivine mantle). Asteroids composition has been classified as the following C class asteroids They are found in the Earths outer belt and are darker and more hundredaceous than the ones found in the S class. D class asteroids They are also known as Trojan asteroids of Jupiter and are dark and carbonaceous in composition. S class asteroidsThey are found in the Earths internal belt, closer to Mars and are composed of mostly stone and iron. V class asteroids They are a far-out group of asteroids that follow a path between the orbits of Jupiter and Uranus, and are made of igneous, eruptive materials. A near-Earth asteroid collided with the Earth about 65 million years ago, which triggered environmental changes, steer to the extinction of the dinosaurs. This asteroid created a huge circular depression called the Chicxulub john and is centered in Mexicos Yucatan Peninsula, a major tourist attraction. though the chances of asteroid collision with the Earth is very rare, they do come very close to our planet cod to collisions and gravitational tugs on the highly elliptic Suns orbit. Most asteroids burn up in the atmosphere and never reach the Earth. NASA projects, such as the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid seek (LINEAR) and the Near Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) main obj ectives are to disclose and intercede asteroids or other celestial bodies coming close to the Earth before they cause untold damage to our planet.Asteroids are small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal, that revolve around the Sun. Their size can vary some asteroids are large and roughly spherical in shape, payable to which they appear like miniature planets while the others are small and irregularly shaped. The matter of these celestial bodies also differs. The asteroid Vesta, is believed to have a nickel-iron core, olivine mantle and basaltic crust, while the asteroid 10 Hygiea is composed of carbonaceous chondrite. Most of the small asteroids are piles of rubble held together by gravity. Some asteroids supposedly have traces of amino-acids and other organic compounds, and it is assumed that the impact of asteroids on the Earth could have enlightenedd life on the planet by seeding it with the incumbent chemical substances. Although, it is believed that the asteroids m ay have planted life on the Earth, they are capable of having catastrophic effect on the planet as well.Asteroids with a diameter of 5 to 10 meters, and energy equal to 15 kilotons of TNT, enter into the Earths atmosphere approximately once every year while, those with a diameter of over 50 meters enter the Earths atmosphere approximately once in a thousand years. Their impact can be devastating if they hit the Earth, but they disintegrate in the upper atmosphere and most of the particles are vapourised, thus rendering them harmless. In the distant past, our planet has experienced a massive climate change and large-scale extinction of animal and plant species, ascribed to the impact of some large asteroids on the planet. The exogenesis hypothesis suggests that origin of life on the Earth essential have been triggered by the impact of some asteroid, carrying organic chemicals needed to initiate life form. The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, which led to the end of dinosaurs a nd the Permian-Triassic extinction event that led to the end of the Permian period finishing off 90% of the species on the planet, are believed to be the result of an asteroid impact on the Earth.The craters on the solid bodies in the solar system, which were attributed to volcanic activities till 1960s, were actually formed due to the impact of celestial bodies. Researchers have resolved that in the last 600 million years, 60 objects with a diameter of five km or more, have struck the Earth. Even the smallest of these object possessed energy of ten million megatons of TNT, and would have formed a crater, approximately 95 km in diameter, on the surface of our planet. The Rio Cuarto craters in Argentina are believed to have formed due to the impact of asteroids that struck this area around 10,000 years ago. In 1490, ten thousand people reportedly lost their lives due to a hail of stones from the sky. This hail of stones is assumed to be result of the disintegration of a large astero id, after it entered the Earths atmosphere. In 1908, a mid-air explosion of an asteroid destroyed 80 million trees, within an area of 830 miles, near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River, in Siberia.In many cases, the sighting of a foreign organic structure, such as an asteroid or a meteoroids is reported as a fireball in the sky. Millions of asteroids will pass by the Earth in the years to come. Though, they are unknown now, they are findable as they come closer to the planet. The Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) and the Near Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) are projects initiated by NASA to detect asteroids or other such foreign bodies coming close to the Earth.The need of the hour is to develop an intercept system in space, to destroy or deflect foreign objects purport towards our planet, before they prove catastrophic. Asteroids are celestial bodies consisting of rocks and metals. They are mainly concentrate in the region known as the asteroid belt which lies between t he orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids can be as big as Ceres, which is close to 1000 kilometers in diameter, or can be fitting a few feet in diameter. Whatever the size, asteroids are neither big enough to be called planets nor are they as small as comets. They are classified as minor planets that include the Kuiper Belt Objects.DiscoveryOn January 1, 1801, Giuseppe Piazzi discovered the first asteroid which he initially thought to be a comet. He named this asteroid Ceres, after the Sicilian Goddess of grain. Ceres is also the largest asteroid to have been discovered so far. Soon, other large asteroids like Pallas, Juno and shot were discovered. By the end of the 19th century, several hundred asteroids were discovered.Formation of AsteroidsIt was once believed that asteroids were formed by the explosion of a planet orbiting between Mars and Jupiter. However, according to present day astronomers, asteroids are debris left behind by the Big Bang that could not come together to fo rm a tenth planet because of the effect of Jupiters gravitational pull.Asteroid HitsAsteroids have been hitting the Earth since millions of years. However, due to the friction with Earths atmosphere most of the asteroids get burnt. The asteroids that enter the Earth s atmosphere are called meteors while the ones that get burnt and appear as shooting stars are called meteorites. According to the Giant Impact Theory, the Moon was created when Theia, an asteroid of the size of Mars, collided with the Earth in the early days of the solar system. However, some consider Theia to be more of a planetoid than an asteroid. The largest crater ca utilize by an asteroid hit is the Chicxulub Crater in Mexico that is 180 km in diameter. The asteroid that formed the crater had a diameter of 10 km. This collision is supposed to be responsible for the extinction of a large number of plant life and fauna including the dinosaur. However, the evidence of the largest asteroid hit is in the Vredefort cra ter in South Africa that is 300 km in diameter.Impacts of Asteroid HitsThe damage that an asteroids impact can cause depends mainly upon its mass and velocity, as these are the ii factors that determine the energy that is released when an asteroid hits the Earth. While some asteroids are capable of sending thermal waves that can incinerate most flora and fauna within a few hundred kilometers, some larger asteroids can create huge impacts causing magma to cover areas as big as continents. The worst effect of an asteroid hit is the mental block out of sunlight for months together due to formation of dust clouds and pornography in the upper atmosphere. This would hamper the green plants ability to prepare feed through the process of photosynthesis and the food chain would be disrupted.Near-Earth AsteroidsNear-Earth asteroids are those that have moved closer to the Earths orbit as they have been knocked out of the asteroid belt due to collision with other asteroids or comets, or due to the gravitational forces of Jupiter. They are classified into the following three groups The Amors These are near-Earth asteroids that cross the orbit of Mars but do not go out of the Earths orbit. The Apollos The orbits of these near-Earth asteroids cross the Earths orbit but have an orbital period of greater than one year.The Atens These near-Earth asteroids have orbits that cross the Earths orbit but have an orbital period of less than one year. Asteroids are currently being monitored for their probability of colliding with the Earth. Such studies have predicted that asteroids may hit the Earth on February 1, 2019 and March 16, 2880. The probability of the 2880 collision is as high as 1 in 300. A number of projects in the field of astronomy, like Spacewatch, Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking and Catalina Sky Survey are being carried out to detect any threat of such catastrophes.CometsA comet is a small form in space. It was matter of great interest to astronomers like Sir Edmond Halley. Many decades later, comets still remain a challenging mystery for the field of astronomy. Space research institutes around the world have reported the existence of 3628 comets that are known and studied. Annually, an average of one comet is sighted by the naked eye from the surface of the Earth. According to the definitions given by the various space research organizations, a comet can be defined as a space body that travels in an elliptical orbit around the sun. Most of the comets travel in elliptical orbits. When the comet comes in the vicinity of the star it is orbiting around, its comma-like tail gets illuminated. A absolute majority of comets are visible only through telescopes and other aids. There are however, some comets which are also visible to the naked eye.What is a Comet do Up of?A comet is principally made up of ice, dust and different forms of gases. The nature of the components differs from comet to comet. The central part of a comet that looks like a ball is termed as the meat. The nucleus is principally made up of ice and arctic gases. The frozen components also include many other compounds like ammonia, methane and carbon dioxide. Rocks are another component of the nucleus. Due to such composition, the nucleus of the comet often resembles a huge ball of dirt and snow. It is also believed by some astronomers, that the nucleus of a comet is rather fragile because several comets have split into parts without any explainable reason except immense velocity.The huge elliptical orbit takes the comet in the range of heat of the star around which it is orbiting. When the comet enters the sexual parts of the solar system, the frozen content of the nucleus starts melting. The gases and pissing within the nucleus vaporize as a result of radiotherapy from the star and the solar wind. The immense velocity of the comet and the solar wind, push the vaporized matter away from the nucleus. This gives the comet its distinct tail and the comma-li ke appearance. The high amount of heat and the ions (charged particles that are formed due to the heat of the sun) cause the tail of the comet to glow.How are Comets Formed?According to their formation or birth, the comets can be classified into two types. The first type is short-term comets which originate in the Kuiper belt as space bodies beyond the orbit of Pluto. The gravitational pull of the planets in the solar system, causes the origin of short term comets. These comets enter the solar system and take the form of active and radiancy comets. Long term comets originate as traveling bodies in the Oort cloud (located around 50,000 light years away from the sun). The gravitational attraction of the planets in the solar system and other gravitational forces cause these comets to form elliptical orbits.Death of a CometThe study of comets has revealed that they have a fragile structure. sometimes, comets split into parts due to sheer velocity. The entry and exit of comets in the so lar system in course of its orbit, reduces the amount of matter (ice and frozen gases) in it. Due to this lessening in matter, the comets break-up and disperse into clouds. A dead comet is nothing but an asteroid or a similar form of a space body. Sometimes the comets also crash in other planets when their orbits cross each other. The most famous example of such a comet is the Shoemaker Levy 9, that crashed into Jupiter. For astronomers who have spent their lives studying comets, it a very heart-breaking moment to gaze at a dying comet. The Halleys Comet is said to be one of the most pleasing comets.Another very beautiful comet is the Hale-Bopp, that was discovered in the year 1995, on 23rd July. It was predicted by astronomers that the Halleys Comet would be sighted in the November of 1835. rack up Twain, the famous writer, was born just two weeks after the sighting. He developed a very special liking towards the Halleys Comet. In his biography he comments,I came in with the Hal leys Comet, and expect to go with it. The Almighty has said no doubt, Now here are two unaccountable freaks they came in together they must go out together. Halleys Comet was next sighted on 20th April, 1910. Twain ended the expedition of his life the very next day. The journey of any comet is indeed like that of Mark Twain. It is remarkably long, fast, adventurous as it streaks across the dark sky.Haleys cometHistorical SpottingsBritish scientist, Edmond Halley who observed the comet in 1682, was the first person to shew its periodic reappearance after every 75-76 years. He studied the comet and sort of accurately predicted that it had earlier appeared in 1531 and in 1607. It was named Halley in his honor and was observed again in 1758 as stated by him. It was last seen in February 1986. However, this was not the first time the comet was in focus. The first sighting recorded, was way back in 240 BC, by the Chinese and was mentioned in a chronicle, Records of the majuscule Histo rian. The comet also finds a mention in a Babylonian clay inscription of 164 BC. It has always been a subject of great interest, since it was believed to have an influence on the contemporary events. Armenian king Tigranes II, had its image printed on the coins issued in his regime after it was sighted in 87 BC. Therefore, even though the recurrence of the comet was an unknown fact, people were fascinated by its appearance.The bright star that appeared in the night sky in 12 BC, simultaneous with the birth of Jesus, is widely believed to be the Halleys comet. Giotto Di Bondone, the famous Italian painter, who lived before the renaissance era, painted it in his work The Star of Bethlehem in the Nativity, in 1305. He had seen the comet appear in 1301 and was impressed by the spectacle. In the sum ages, the appearance of a comet was considered to be a warning sign of a forthcoming danger.The most famous incident of spotting a comet during this period, was in 1066, before the Battle of Hastings. King Harold who had lost the conflict, was believed to have seen the comet due to which he was cursed. In fact, the Bayeux Tapestry in Normandy, France, signifies the Norman victory in this battle with an image of King Harold looking at the comet in the sky. In 1456, pope Calixtus III had condemned its appearance considering it to be an evil omen. Three years front to this, Europe was defeated by the Ottoman Empire. Human beings have always blamed celestial phenomena, whenever they have not been able to explain the causes of true unfavorable events.Historically, the presence of a comet in the night sky was usually cited as the reason behind difficult situations that were beyond the reasoning of putting surface man. A French physician, Ambroise, had expound the pitiful conditions of middle ages, when a comet was seen just before the spread of a big epidemic. According to him, some people were scared to death while others fell sick on sightedness the comet. It was b elieved to be some evil form leaving behind a trail of blood, believed to be a sign of misery.Recent SpottingsIn the sixteenth and the 17th century, scientists learned to calculate the speed and length at which comets travel around the Sun. Once, Edmond Halley had established the year of its reappearance, Halleys comet became a matter of great interest. Although, he didnt live to see his prediction coming true, his honoring had a significant impact on the way society perceived comets. The sighting of a comet, especially Halleys comet became less of a worry and more of a curiosity among people. Once people realized that comets are orbiting bodies just like planets, they became less apprehensive on the arrival of a comet in the Earths visibility zone. The change in the place of the people was seen in the depiction of the comet in the contemporary pictures. Halleys comet was a subject of scientific study and was depicted as a beautiful heavenly body in the sky. Famous American writ er Mark Twain was born in 1835, the year when Halleys comet had appeared.He predicted in 1909 that since he had come with the comet he will go out with it. confident(predicate) enough, he passed away a year after the comet reappeared in 1910. In the 1900s, it had appeared twice once in 1910 and then in 1986. Further studies gave us a deep insight into the structure, composition and orbital journey of many different comets. Halleys comet has one of the shortest orbital paths. It is classified as a short period comet, i.e. comets having an orbit period of 200 years or less.Once upon a time, it belonged to the long period class, but due to the gravitational force of planets, its orbit shortened over a period of time. Today, it is known that comets like Hale Bopp which appeared in 1997, will reappear after 4200 years Thus, Halleys comet is the most frequently spotted one. Recently, it was seen in February 1986. During this visit, it was subjected to its biggest scrutiny ever. quintet spacecrafts from The European Space Agency, Japan and the USSR were launched to study its surface. Structure and Composition of Halleys CometHalleys comet is a big mass of ice and dust, having an elliptical orbit and shaped like a peanut. It has a highly elongated orbit, fetching it very close to the Sun. It flings off far in the outer solar system, similar to a slingshot motion. The composition is mainly of water, sodium monoxide, methane, ammonia, hydrocarbons, iron and sodium. Its closest distance from the Sun was found to be just 0.6 AU (astronomical unit) and the farthest distance was calculated to be 35 AU, roughly the same distance as that of Pluto. It orbits the Sun in a retrograde or in the direction opposite to that of the planets revolution. The speed with respect to the Earth is kind of high, since it is highly eccentric and inclined.The day time is relatively more on its surface and its maximum temperature rises up to 77 degrees celsius. Due to its large size and a well-defined and regular orbit, it was easy for the probe missions photograph it most and study its surface. The mass of the comet is 1.71015 kilograms and the size of the nucleus has been estimated to be 15 km 7 km 7 km. Winds blowing near its surface are so strong that 1 gram particle of dust which hit the Giotto space probe, briefly destabilized it. Halleys comet will next appear in 2062. Comets have always been a fascination for human beings and will continue to influence generations to come, as we discover more interesting facts about these spectacular fireballs, the comets.Comet lullinComet Lulin was discovered on July 11, 2007, by the duo of Ye Quanzhi and Lin Chi-Sheng. A non-periodic comet, Lulin appears to be greenish in color. This green color is attributed to the presence of gases such as cyanogen and diatomic carbon, which produce a green glow when illuminated by sunlight in the vacuum of the space. Officially designated as C/2007 N3 (Lulin), it is also known as th e Comet of Cooperation in China and Taiwan, as the two individuals involved in its discovery, were from these two countries. This comet was first photographed by Taiwanese astronomer Lin Chi-Sheng on July 11, 2007, while he was working on the Lulin Sky Survey Project (LUSS) at the Lulin sentinel in Nantou, Taiwan. The Lulin Sky Survey Project aims to identify the numerous small objects in the solar system, particularly those that pose possible hazards to our planet. Lin used a 16-inch telescope to photograph this comet, which was initially assumed to be an asteroid.A few days later, Ye Quanzhi, a 19-year old student of meteorology from Sun Yat-Sen University, China, recognised this comet while going through Lins photographs. Its status of being a comet was confirmed after the presence of coma, the nebulous envelope around the nucleus of the comet, was noticed. Both, Lin and Quanzhi were accredited with the discovery of this new comet. As it was first noticed from the Lulin Observat ory, it was named as Comet Lulin. Comet Lulin was seen in the Libra constellation from January to March 2009. In January, it was getting brighter and could be seen just before dawn while in February, the brightness reached its peak. Eventually, in March, it started to fade as it went farther away from the Earth. While it was climax the Earth, it had a typical tail pointing away from the Sun, as well as an anti-tail which was in a flash pointing towards the sun. Although, it was assumed that this anti-tail was observed only in photographs, some observers reported that it was visible even from a telescope in February 2009.According to Brian Marsden, an astronomer at Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Massachusetts, this comets closest approach to the sun was on January 10, 2009 when it reached a distance of 113 million miles from the sun. He noticed that the comet was moving in a retrograde orbit that is near-parabolic. On February 24, Comet Lulin came the closest to the Earth, at a distance of 0.41 AU or 38 million miles to be precise. On February 4, 2009, a team of Italian astronomers, under the leadership of Ernesto Guido, witnessed a strange phenomenon taking place in comet Lulin. While photographing the comet with a remotely controlled telescope in New Mexico, they saw that its tail suddenly disconnected. Ernesto attributed this odd phenomenon to magnetic disruption of the solar wind hitting the comet. Earlier, this had been observed with Comet Encke too, when coronal mass protrusion occurred, due to such magnetic storms.Photographs taken by NASAs agile Gamma-ray Explorer satellite in ultra-violet and X-rays show that Lulin is shedding 800 gallons of water every second. Observations by NASA also revealed that the surface material of the comet was burning away due to suns heat. This sighting of Comet Lulin was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for the whole world, as there is no possibility of this comet depicting to the inner solar system, at least not for the next thousand years. Human kind has always looked to the heavens in awe and wonder, and sometimes in fear. Perhaps no other astronomical phenomenon except a total solar overlook has historically evoked as much fear as comets. When the ghostwriter of fear is removed, however, they emerge as strikingly beautiful objects in the sky. It was once believed that if earth passed through a tail of a comet, its inhabitants would die this theory has been discredited. Comets are messengers from a time long past.Most are chunks of foul-smelling ice, locked away in the Oort cloud for billions of years. (Oort cloud It is the source for long period comets, with orbital periods of greater than two hundred years.) Comets are familiar to nigh everyone as striking star like objects with long tails stretching across a wide band of the sky. The most famous comet, Halleys comet makes its return to the skies every seventy-five years. The contrive comet is derived from a Greek word meani ng long haired Comets were greatly feared before the twentieth century as bad omens. Since then, they have been identified and cataloged as objects that come from deep space. Most of them occupy orbits that carry them far outside the solar system. Many of them make only a single approach to the sun and never return again, while others exist in stable, but highly elliptical orbits that lease them to return after an extended period of time, such as the Halleys comet. In 1986, the European space probe Giotto passed about 600 kilometers from the Comet Halley as it made its close approach to the sun.The probe verified existing theories that comets are made up of ices covered by black dust or soil. The spacecraft confirmed a theory that had been advanced prior to the reconnaissance that described comets as dirty snowballs. Using data taken by the spacecraft, scientists determined that the dust is composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Other metals have also been discovered i n comets, such as iron, calcium, nickel, potassium, copper and silicon. Halleys comet was one of the darkest objects ever seen in the solar system it was basically flat black. Comets are composed of a mixture of ices and dust. As a comet approaches the sun, it absorbs the suns energy and warms up. The main body of the comet is called the nucleus. As the nucleus warms, the ice beneath the comets soil evaporates. Because the comet has no atmosphere, the evaporated substance (also called a volatile) escapes into the vacuum of space as a gaseous envelope that surrounds the comet called coma. As the coma grows, it forms a plume of vapor that carries away some of the comets surface as well.This mixture of evaporated volatile particles and dust is carried away from the comet by solar wind, is ionized by high-energy particles, and creates the spectacular tail of the comet. The comets tail, glowing in the solar wind, can stream behind the comet for millions of kilometers. The nucleus of the comet consists of mostly volatile ices and dust. The ice is nearly all water ice, but there is also evidence of ices composed of carbon dioxide and methane. More elementary compounds of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon monoxide may exist as volatile ices. Comets are typically small bodies (comparatively). Halleys comet is a potato shaped object, 14 by 17 kilometers. The largest known comet is Chiron, which is estimated to be approximately 200 kilometers in diameter.Comets are thought to have formed as the solar system evolved. The material of which comets are composed was constructed by accretion at the outer edge of the dish of material that ultimately became the sun and planets. Because the comet material was fashioned at the outer edge of the solar system, the sun did not evaporate the volatiles in the cometary material. At the same time, the giant planets of the solar system formed at what would become the outer orbits of the solar system. These massive planets encountered the new ly formed comets, and the ones that were not engulfed by the giant planets were, over the first billion years, catapulted into interstellar space by the planets massive gravitational fields. Not all comets met that fate, however. Some were piano nudged into stable orbits closer to the sun. Others were flung into the inner solar system and impacted the inner planets.Relevance The study of comets involves detailed knowledge of its composition of the outer regions of the solar system and the space between the last planet and 100,000 astronomical units onwards. cometic study also seeks to understand complex gravitational interactions between bodies apart(p) by wide distances and even gravitational interactions between tiny comets, their demeanor when approaching the sun, and something of the makeup and evolution of the early solar system. New comets approaching the sun for the first time have been held in deep obstruct in the Oort cloud and are thought to be composed of uncreated m aterial of the newly forming solar system. They have been tied up in the Oort cloud for billions of years at temperatures slightly above absolute zero. As they approach the sun, their internal gases begin to steam away. A detailed study of an approaching comet may tell cosmologists about the composition of the early solar systems.Comets and their approach have also hinted at the existence of the elusive dark-brown dwarf, thought to be one of the most common bodies of interstellar space. Because they are so dim, they are all but invisible from Earth. On the other hand, because brown dwarfs are thought to be so plentiful, the study of comets and their orbits may give the first real clues to the formers reality and abundance. In the early 1980s the existence of the astronomic tidal action was still speculation. Since then, careful study of cometary orbits and approaches has favorable supported the theory of galactic tides. In the close approach of Halleys comet by an unmanned spacec raft in 1986, a wealth of information was recovered on the shape, behavior, and composition of comets.The existence of the Oort cloud and the concept gravitational interactions by flitting objects in space have led to the theory of periodic comet showers. Such comet showers, garbled by periods of tens of millions of years, may be responsible for the mass extinction on Earth. There is a wide speculation that Earth was struck by one or more comets 70 million years ago, which wiped out the dinosaurs. Some scientists have speculated that this extinction was the result of a shower of comets from the Oort cloud, sent on their close approach to the sun by a passing star or brown dwarf through the Oort cloud.Comets have been used to judge vast distances, evaluate the composition of the solar system as it was being born, and even test the idea that the gravity of the entire beetleweed can make a difference to the smallest objects in space. Comets have been used as yardsticks to evaluate w hat may be the most type of star in the galaxy-the brown dwarf-which ironically is one that may never be seen. They have also been called dirty snowballs. Halleys comet was so black that it was the darkest object ever seen in space. Yet, from these dirty specks of ice, cosmologists have witnessed some of the most spectacular light shows. Ultimately comets may also generate clues to some of the most fundamental secrets about the solar system and planets. From these tiny messengers, cosmologists may open and examine pristine elements from creation itself.