AP Lit Essay Examples

AP Lit Essay ExamplesAn AP Lit essay sample is a form of an essay that is set up to be used in college examinations. It would have to have both factual and logical proofs, where the students are required to state what their proofs are. The Essay Sample for AP Literature is one of the most sought after. This kind of essay gives the required proof.All the students are required to show that they know all the basic material and that they understand and remember it. There are some examples for essay samples on the internet, where they need to know the certain things. The essay can be created in a lot of ways.The essay samples on internet also include some sort of video presentation of the students. They must do their part and demonstrate the fact that they have understood the basic information and that they have understood the principles that are contained in the Essay Sample. The solution of the task is very important.The students have to prepare for the exams in the format that is prese nted by the College Board. The students should bring with them the test papers that they have done and written. They need to bring the assigned essay, as well as the question papers and answers.The specific situations should be mentioned in the article. The students must refer to all of the necessary situations as in the essay sample. They should know that it has to be well written and logically put together.Some of the essays for AP Literature are asked to be written by the students themselves. They should understand how to describe the facts and write a general essay that contains all the basic information that is required for the AP lit essay. They are asked to include the definitions of the different subjects and discuss various topics related to the subject.The basic information about the topic should be included in the essay and then the reasoning should be discussed. Then the students should make sure that the questions are correct and that the information is correct.

Impact Of Corporate Governance On Firm Performance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

There is a large body of empirical research that has assessed the impact of corporate governance on firm performance for the developed markets. Studies have shown that good governance practices have led the significant increase in the economic value added of firms, higher productivity and lower risk of systematic financial failure for countries. The studies by many researchers and philanthropists who a significant importance of Corporate Governance. Most of the empirical work for exploring possible relationship between corporate governance and firm performance is done for single jurisdiction. Shleifer and Vishny (1997), John and Senbet (1998) and Hermalin and Weisbach (2003) provide an excellent literature in this area. It has now become an important area of research in emerging markets as well. There are many empirical studies that analyse the impact of different corporate governance practices in the cross-section of countries. Mitton (2001) has done a noteworthy research with sample of 398 firms Korean, Malaysian, Indonesian, Philippines, data Thailand have found that the firm-level variables are related to corporate governance has strong impact on firm performance during East Asian Crisis in 1997 and 1998. The results suggests that better price performance is associated with firms that have indicators of higher disclosure quality, with firms that have higher outside ownership concentration and with firms that are focused rather than diversified. Brown and Caylor (2004) have measured the Corporate Governances impact, he analyze it with 51 factors, 8 sub categories for 2327 US based firms with the help of Institutional Shareholder Service (ISS) dataset. They infer that the firms having better governance are more profitable, more valuable and they were very good in their payout to to their shareholders. Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (2003) use Investor Responsibility Research Centre (IRRC) data. They indicate that firms with fewer shareholder rights have lower firm value and lower ROE. They classify 24 governance factors into five groups: tactics for delaying hostile capture, selection civil rights, principal/official guard, other conquest suspicion, and position law. Most of these factors are anti-takeover measures so G-Index is effectively an index of anti-takeover protection rather than a broad index of governance. Their findings show that firms with stronger shareholders rights have higher firm value, higher profits, higher sales growth, lowest capital expenditures, and made fewer corporate acquisitions. Lipton and Lorsch (1992); Jensen (1993) conduct an extensive research on the Corporate Governance. They concluded that, It is expected that by limiting board size firm performance could be improved. but the benefits attained from larger boards were outweighed by the poorer communication and decision-making of larger groups. Yermack (1996) conduct a study and provides an inverse relation between board size and profitability, asset utilization, and Tobins Q. According to him with the increase in the Board size the firm performance reduced and resultantly the profitability and payout to shareholders reduced. Anderson, et al. (2004) analyze and present their result as the cost of debt and board size has the inverse relationship, according to them the cost of debt is lower for the firms having larger boards, because financers view these firms as they are having more effective control and decision making of their financial accounting processes. Brown and Caylor (2004) show an extensive research and add to this literature by showing that firms having board sizes between 6 to 15 were performing very well and those firms have higher ROE and higher profitability as compare to other firms having different board size. They also conclude that independent audit committees are positively associated with dividend yield, but negatively related to the operating performance or firm valuation. They also find that the consulting fees paid to auditors less than audit fees paid to auditors are negatively related to company performance and company policy of auditor rotation is positively related to return on equity. Fosberg (1989) study the relationship between the proportion of outside directors, a proxy for board independence, and firm performance. He concluded that there is no relation between the proportion of outsider directors and various performance measures. Hermalin and Weisbach (1991) also find no association between the proportion of outsider directors and Tobins Q; and Bhagat and Black (2002) find no linkage between proportion of outsider directors and Tobins Q, return on assets, asset turnover and stock returns. In contrast, Baysinger and Butler (1985) and Rosenstein and Wyatt (1990) show that if the firm appoint outside directors then the stakeholders trust them more and thats why bankruptcy cost theory and trade off theory is in the favor of outside directors, which resulted into low cost, better competitive position and profitability. Brickley, Coles, and Terry (1994) find a positive relation between the proportion of outsider directors and the stock market reaction to poison pill adoptions; and Anderson, Mansi and Reeb (2004) show that the cost of debt, as proxied by bond yield spreads, is inversely related to board independence. Studies using financial statement data and Tobins Q find no link between board independence and firm performance, while those using stock returns data or bond yield data find a positive link. Hermalin and Weisbach (1991) and Bhagat and Black (2002). Brown and Caylor (2004) do not find Tobins Q to increase in board independence, but they come up with the result that ROE of the firm increases with the independent boards, along with that independence of board is closely associated with the higher profit margins, larger dividend yields, and larger stock repurchases. They concluded that board independence is associated with almost all other important measures of firm performance except Tobins Q. Klein (2002) finds a negative relationship between earnings management and audit committee independence, and Anderson, et al. (2004) conclude that entirely independent audit committees have lower cost of financing. Frankel, et al. (2002) come up with a negative relationship between earnings management and auditor independence (based on audit versus non-audit fees). Whereas, Ashbaugh, et al. (2003) and Larcker and Richardson (2004) come up with a contradictory evidences. According to Kinney, et al. (2004) there is no association between earnings and fees paid for monetary in order system plan and achievement or inside audit services. Agrawal and Chadha (2005) come up with similar conclusion, he state that the financial performance is independent of quality and expensiveness internal control and Internal Audit. Yermack (1996) by analyzing a sample of 452 U.S. public firms between (1984 and 1991) shows that firms in which CEO and chairman are two separate individuals, those firms perform better as compare to those firms in which both positions were hold by the same person. Same person sitting on both seats will cause higher agency problem affects firms performance negatively. Firms were more valuable when the CEO and board chair positions are separate. Core, et al. (1999) finds that CEO compensation is lower when the CEO and chairman of the board are separate. Brown and Caylor (2004) conclude that firms are more valuable when the CEO and chairman of board are separate. Botosan and Plumlee (2001) find a material effect of expensing stock options on return on assets. They use Fortunes list of the 100 fastest growing companies as of September 1999, and compute the effect of expensing stock options on firms operating performance. Fich and Shivdasani (2004) find that firms with director stock option plans have higher market to book ratios, higher profitability and they document a positive stock market reaction when firms announce stock option plans for their directors. Brown and Caylor on the other hand come up with a contradictory conclusion and find no evidence that operating performance or firm valuation is positively related to stock option expensing. They also concluded that operating performance does not relate to the executive compensation, or to directors receiving some or all of their fees in stock. Omran M.M, Bolbol A, Fatheldin A. (2008) analysis a sample of 304 firms from different sectors of the economy, from a representative group of Arab countries (Egypt, Jordan, Oman and Tunisia). They concluded that ownership structure has no significant effect on the firm performance they state that ownership concentration is an endogenous response to poor legal protection of investors, but seems to have no significant effect on firms performance. 2.1. Overview of Pakistans Corporate Governance Regime During the ancient period little time, corporate governance has turn into an important area of research in Pakistan. In his noteworthy work Cheema (2003) suggests that corporate governance can play a significant role for Pakistan to attract foreign direct investment and mobilize greater saving through capital provided the corporate governance system is compatible with the objective of raising external equity capital through capital markets. The corporate structure of Pakistan is characterised as concentrated family control, interlocking directorships, cross-shareholdings and pyramid structures. The concern is that reforms whose main objective is minority shareholder protection may dampen profit maximising incentives for families without providing offsetting benefits in the form of equally efficient monitoring by minority shareholders. If this happens the reform may end up creating sub optimal incentives for profit maximization by families. They argue that a crucial challenge for policy makers is to optimize the dual objectives of minority shareholder protection and the maintenance of profit-maximising incentives for family controllers. There is a need for progressive corporations to take a lead in the corporate governance reform effort as well. Rais and Saeed (2005) study the Corporate Governance Code 2002 in the light of narrow Impact Assessment (RIA) structure and its enforcement and request in Pakistan in arrange to recognize the dynamics of public decision making and charge the efficiency of the directive policy of SECP in the ground of corporate governance. The study shows that although the listed company are gearing themselves up to take on the Code, there are a number of constraint, and reservations regarding the method it was draft and implement. Ghani, et al. (2002) examine business group and their contact on corporate governance in Pakistan for non-financial firm listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange of Pakistan for 1998-2002. Their proof indicate that investor view the business-group as a device to appropriate marginal shareholders. On the other offer, the relative financial routine outcome suggest that industry groups in Pakistan are well-organized economic planning that alternate for missing or wasteful outside institution and markets. Ashraf and Ghani (2005) analyzes the start, increase, and the growth of accounting practice and disclosure in Pakistan and the factor that unfair them. They certificate that lack of shareholder protection (e.g., minority rights defense, insider trade protection), judicial inefficiencies, and weak enforcement mechanisms are more dangerous factors than are civilizing factors in explanation the state of accounting in Pakistan. They close that it is the enforcement mechanism that are supreme in improving the excellence of accounting in developing economies. There is an growing interest in analysing concern of corporate governance on stock market in Pakistan but many issue in this area are exposed. In particular, firm-level corporate governance score and its affect on the assessment of the firm which is inner issue of this region needs in strength research. It is in this viewpoint this study aims to make giving in the literature on corporate governance. Before proceeding further, it would be pertinent to have a macro-level glance over the multifaceted corporate governance regime in Pakistan, that is to say, the laws that impact the issues of good governance of a company. Such laws may be categorized as follows: The corporate laws, i.e., the general laws relating to companies and their business; The rules and regulations made under the corporate laws; The listing regulations and the byelaws of the stock exchanges; A body of general civil laws, i.e., enactments providing remedies forseeking declarations, enforcement of claims and recovery; A body of general criminal law, i.e., legislations outlining prosecution and trial for criminal breach of trust, fraud etc.; and Special prosecution under the National Accountability Ordinance, 1999 for corporate frauds and misappropriation. In view of the above legislative spectrum, a consolidated review of the relevant laws would offer the foundational perspective to understand Pakistans superstructure of corporate governance. Transforming this understanding, along with SECPs vision,15 can truly envision the future of corporate governance in Pakistan- as isolated reforms with regard to any one of the above legislative spheres is not likely to ensure the expected results. The Code is a first step whereby principles of good governance are envisioned to be systematically implemented in Pakistan. According to the project report published by the SECP after the formulation of the Code: The Code of Corporate Governance mainly aims to institute a system whereby a company is directed and controlled by its director in compliance with the best practice enunciated by the system so as to safeguard the welfare of diversify stakeholders. It propose to restructure the work of the board of director in order to begin symbol by minority shareholders and broad-based sign by executive and non-executive directors. It seek to achieve the objectives of good corporate governance by recommend rise of corporate working, internal manage system and outside audit requirements. The Code emphasizes openness and clearness in corporate relationships and the decision-making process and requires directors to release their fiduciary tasks in the better notice of all stakeholders in a clear, up to date hard-working, and timely manner. Following the enforcement of the Code of Corporate Governance (the Code) in March 2002, reluctant corporations consider the implementation of the new regime not only expensive to comply with but also practically difficult to implement. While on one hand there is a regulatory pressure to enforce the Code, on the other, there is, among others, an admitted lack of relevant expertise that can assist in the enforcement of the essence of corporate governance in Pakistan. In the present work, recommendations for future indigenous reforms will remain in focus, as against the discussion in respect of the evolving international practices. Such recommendations include: effective grievance and redress mechanism for minority shareholders; best practices for the frontline regulators; and expansion of the audit committee to include the legal expertise, etc. 2.2. Current Challenges and Suggested Measures 2.2.1. Challenges a) Effective Grievance and Redress Mechanism The Companies Ordinance, 1984 and the Code do not recognize minority shareholders with a shareholding below 10%. The minimum threshold for seeking remedy from the Court against mismanagement and oppression requires initiation of the complaint by no less than 20% of the shareholders.28 Shareholders representing 10% can apply to SECP for appointment of inspector for investigation in to the affairs of the company.29 No effective redress is available to shareholders representing less than the 10% of the shareholding (the minority shareholders) upon being aggrieved. The minority shareholders are left with the sole civil remedy to sue for the tortious loss in accordance with the general laws for enforcement of a claim. There is a visible increase for bringing such actions especially in the wake of increasing shareholders activism. In routine, such claims seek interim and permanent injunctive relief against the management. Pending final adjudication of the matter, interim relief is invariably granted, resulting in the hindrance of a companys business. To channelise shareholders activism in a direction that provides the minority shareholders with an effective remedy with no or minimal hindrance to the companys business, an internal grievance and redress mechanism should be considered for listed companies. In this regard, SECP may formulate a list of maintainable grievances with a direction to listed companies to establish a grievance and redress committee consisting of executive and independent directors. The minority shareholders may have an appellate remedy before the relevant frontline regulator, and thereafter to SECP. This will essentially entail expansion of quasi-judicial functions of the stock exchanges and SECP. b) Reporting Noncompliance In order to make the reporting and disclosures more reliable, SECP should encourage the minority shareholders to report any noncompliance with the applicable laws directly to the Audit Committee, with a copy to the relevant stock exchange. c) Frontline Regulators We recently experienced an unprecedented surge of investment in the public stocks. Unfortunately, it was followed by a sudden market crash. Huge market losses triggered a public debate on a more active role for the frontline regulators. The best practices set out in the Code are expected to ensure a self-sustaining mechanism that provides financial transparency to, mainly, safeguard the investments. A better-governed stock exchange would, thus, ensure safer investment opportunities. Accordingly, SECP should consider introducing appropriate guidelines for the stock exchanges so as to ensure their better governance, or applicability of the Code thereto. 2.2.2. Remedial Measures Expansion of Audit Committee-Legal Expertise Introduction of internal and external audit mechanism can be considered as one of the most prominent achievements in the evolution and development of global corporate governance initiatives. The SECP has benefited from and enriched the Code with the international experience in this regard. In general, the main function of the internal audit committee is to assist the board of directors whereas the external audit committee addresses the concerns of the shareholders at large. In both respects, it is only the financial and accounting expertise that is being made available to a company. The concern that the business and affairs of a company should be run and managed in accordance with the applicable laws cannot be adequately addressed either by the internal or external auditors due to unavailability of professional legal expertise with them. The Code requires not only compliance with the Code and the Companies Ordinance, 1984 but also requires certification in relation thereto.32 Although, the existing provisions in the Code do not require a companys certification for compliance with other applicable laws, however, a proper certification as to the compliance with the Companies Ordinance, 1984 and the Code can only be done on the basis of professional legal advice. Additionally, a deficiency in the Code for requiring compliance with law, and its certification, should be made good. Although such compliance would expand the corporate governance regime but, for all intents and purposes, would be in consonance with the purposes for which the issuance of the Code was considered appropriate. Such certification will lead to the companys (somewhat partial) adherence to the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Accordingly, the Code may become instrumental in introducing CSR for the listed companies, and thereby making them more attractive for local and international investments. In addition, the compliance with law certification would, inter alia, help to discourage the transaction between the associated companies. In order for the Code to achieve the above, SECP should consider expanding the scope of internal and external audit to include the legal expertise for evaluating the companys business and the affairs with the legal perspective. In this respect, the following initiatives may be taken: One of the independent non-executive directors may be a professional lawyer. In this regard, the companies may consider retaining services of their legal advisors appointed pursuant to the Companies (Appointment of Legal Advisors) Act, 1974 and may alternatively, be deemed to be a member of the board; One of the non-executive directors on the audit committee34 should be the professional lawyer/legal advisor; With the assistance of the professional lawyer/legal advisor, the audit committee should certify companys compliance with the applicable laws; and Upon availability of the legal expertise, the Audit Committee should be empowered to entertain (and decide) the grievances lodged by the minority shareholders, as discussed above. Additional Measures Fiduciary Duties The code requires the director to bring out their fiduciary duty with a sense of purpose judgment and freedom in the best benefit of the corporation. However, the expression fiduciary duties is not defined in the Code. SECP may consider listing out the fiduciary duties to make this provision more certain and, thus, effectively enforceable. In this regard, SECP may include the list of fiduciary duties from the Manual of Corporate Governance,36 which SECP does not consider to be a legal document. Statement of Ethics and Compliance As has been suggested earlier by an expert,38 the non-compliance should be strictly followed in the process of a comply or explain principle. Accordingly, the companies should be strictly required to ensure compliance with their Statement of Ethics and Business Practices,39 in addition to the existence of such statement. In this regard, SECP should provide a general specimen setting out the minimum contents for Statement of Ethics and Business Practices and, additionally, require the companies to expand their own Statement on the basis thereof. Audit Committees Terms of Reference In addition to the above, the Audit Committees Terms of Reference should expressly provide for review of the companys outsourcing policy, so as to ensure that the company is getting the best available services at the most competitive rates. 2.2.3. Future Challenges The most profound challenge that the corporate governance regime is likely to face is the vindication of penal liability for non-compliance of mandatory disclosure and certification requirements by senior executives against the constitutional touchstone of self-incrimination. The contemporary drive to integrate ethical codes of corporate governance into legislative instruments incorporating punitive sanction, the best example of which is the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, though are hailed as a quantum leap in structuring a transparent governance regime, if examined in the rich constitutional tradition of upholding civil liberties, may appear hollow in the corpus. Concerns like uplifting of standards of financial reporting and accountability40 to boost the business growth are supplemented today by considerations of curbing money laundering and white-collar crimes. It may not, perhaps, be farfetched to expect a paradigm shift enabling detection of flow of funds, particularly to eliminate financi ng of terrorism. Expansion of the scope of corporate governance regimes appears inevitable, thus, creating an unprecedented jurisprudential challenge to extant constitutional notions. The above and several other aspects require in-depth examination and analysis, including: what would be the repercussions of over-institutionalising internal corporate structures (by forming committees and sub-committees)? Would externalization of the board result in cost overruns and otherwise cause greater administrative and organizational expense and what alternatives may be recommended to minimize such costs without compromising due effectiveness, transparency and similar underlying considerations? Would good faith presumption in favor of the management be reversed? Would corporate jurisprudence evolve other ethically tested modes of corporate conduct, including a new corporate vehicle in place of the existing structure of a corporate entity? With the incorporation of the Pakistan Institute of Corporate Governance a nd SECPs continued strive to reforming the capital market in Pakistan, we hope to have a more effective response to the challenges highlighted above, and to those that would follow

Will the Worlds Supply of Oil Run Out

You may have read that the worlds oil supply will run out in a few decades. In the early 80s, it was not uncommon to read that the supply of oil would be gone for all practical purposes in just a few years. Fortunately, these predictions werent accurate. But the notion that we will exhaust all the oil under the surface of the earth persists. There may well come a time when we no longer use oil remaining in the ground because of the impact of hydrocarbons on climate or because there are cheaper alternatives. Mistaken Assumptions Many predictions that we will run out of oil after a certain period of time are based on a flawed understanding of how the reserve supply of oil should be assessed. One typical way of making the assessment uses these factors: The number of barrels we can extract with existing technology.The number of barrels used worldwide in a year. The most naive way to make a prediction is to simply do the following calculation: Yrs. of oil left # of barrels available / # of barrels used in a year. So if there are 150 million barrels of oil in the ground and we use 10 million a year, this type of thinking would suggest that the oil supply will run out in 15 years. If the predictor realizes that with new drilling technology we can gain access to more oil, he will incorporate this into his estimate of #1 making a more optimistic prediction of when the oil will run out. If the predictor incorporates population growth and the fact that demand for oil per person often rises he will incorporate this into his estimate for #2 making a more pessimistic prediction. These predictions, however, are inherently flawed because they violate basic economic principles. We Will Never Run Out of Oil At least not in a physical sense. There will still be oil in the ground 10 years from now, and 50 years from now and 500 years from now. This will hold true no matter if you take a pessimistic or optimistic view about the amount of oil still available to be extracted. Lets suppose that the supply really is quite limited. What will happen as the supply starts to diminish? First, expect to see some wells run dry and either be replaced with new wells that have higher associated costs or not be replaced at all. Either of these would cause the price at the pump to rise. When the price of gasoline rises, people naturally buy less of it; the amount of this reduction being determined by the amount of the price increase and the consumers elasticity of demand for gasoline. This does not necessarily mean that people will drive less (though it is likely), it may mean that consumers trade in their SUVs for smaller cars, hybrid vehicles, electric cars or cars that run on alternative fuels. Each co nsumer will react to the price change differently, so we would expect to see everything from more people bicycling to work to used car lots full of Lincoln Navigators. If we go back to Economics 101, this effect is clearly visible. The continual reduction of the supply of oil is represented by a series of small shifts of the supply curve to the left and an associated move along the demand curve. Since gasoline is a normal good, Economics 101 tells us that we will have a series of price increases and a series of reductions in the total amount of gasoline consumed. Eventually, the price will reach a point where gasoline will become a niche good purchased by very few consumers, while other consumers will have found alternatives to gas. When this happens there will still be plenty of oil in the ground, but consumers will have found alternatives that make more economic sense to them, so there will be little if any, demand for gasoline. Should the Government Be Spending More Money on Fuel Cell Research? Not necessarily. There already exists plenty of alternatives to the standard internal combustion engine. With gasoline less than $2.00 a gallon in most areas of the United States, electric cars are not very popular. If the price were significantly higher, say $4.00 or $6.00, wed expect to see quite a few electric cars on the road. Hybrid cars, while not a strict alternative to the internal combustion engine, would reduce the demand for gasoline as these vehicles can get twice the mileage of many comparable cars. Advances in these technologies, making electric and hybrid cars cheaper to produce and more useful, may make fuel cell technology unnecessary. Keep in mind that as the price of gasoline rises, the car manufacturers will have an incentive to develop cars which run on less expensive alternative fuels in order to win the business of consumers fed up with high gas prices. An expensive government program in alternative fuels and fuel cells seems unnecessary. How Will This Effect The Economy? When a useful commodity, such as gasoline, becomes scarce, there is always a cost to the economy, just as there would be a benefit to the economy if we discovered a limitless form of energy. This is because the value of the economy is roughly measured by the value of the goods and services it produces. Remember that barring any unforeseen tragedy or deliberate measure to limit the supply of oil, the supply will not drop suddenly, meaning that the price will not rise suddenly. The 1970s were much different because we saw a sudden and significant drop in the amount of oil on the world market due to a cartel of oil-producing nations deliberately cutting back on production in order to raise the world price. This is quite a bit different than a slow natural decline in the supply of oil due to depletion. So unlike the 1970s, we should not expect to see large lines at the pump and large overnight price increases. This is assuming that the government does not try to fix the problem of declining oil supply by rationing. Given what the 1970s taught us, this would be very unlikely. In conclusion, if markets are allowed to function freely the supply of oil will never run out, in a physical sense, though its quite likely that in the future gasoline will become a niche commodity. Changes in consumer patterns and the emergence of new technology driven by increases in the price of oil will prevent the oil supply from ever physically running out. While predicting doomsday scenarios may be a good way to get people to know your name, they are a very poor predictor of what is likely to happen in the future.

Urban Industrial Consumerism Between 1920 And 1929

Urban industrial consumerism between 1920 and 1929 collapsed in the Great Depression, but created a framework for a Consumer Recovery between 1941 and 1961. In the early twentieth century United States began to dominate the world s economy. Wealthy industrial nation, rich in many natural resources such as coal, wood, iron, and oil, was able to maintain strong industries just as railway, mining, and manufacturing. Events like World War I, devastating for the most of European countries, helped to boost US economy mainly because of providing war materials such as ammunition, weapons, and food supplies.[AE: Wilson]. The global war transformed the United States into an international creditor and increased both government spending and revenue. 1920s for the most of nations was the time of the postwar recession, accompanied by attempts to rebuild the devastated states. For United States it was the time of the great prosperity. The development of technology, new machine tools, and interchangeable parts allowed to produce goods on a larger scale much quicker and cheaper than ever before. A huge impact on the boom of so called mass production had invention of the assembly line. â€Å"Henry Ford the founder of the Ford Motor Company had a great vision, to create a motor car for the great multitude. Thanks to the invention of the automotive assembly line his dream came true and many middle-class Americans could afford to buy an automobile. The cheaper production of cars increasedShow MoreRelatedUrban Industrial Consumerism Between 1920 And 19291710 Words   |  7 Pages[introduction]Urban industrial consumerism between 1920 and 1929 collapsed in the Great Depression, but created a framework for a Consumer Recovery between 19 41 and 1961. In the early twentieth century the United States began to dominate the world s economy. 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The significance of the republic policies were greatRead MoreEssay on A.P.U.S.H unit 6 study guide4910 Words   |  20 Pageslate-nineteenth-century technological innovations in communications, office productivity, and ocean transportation? spatial evolution of economic systems and associated technical developments. It is possible to summarize this evolution, from the pre-industrial era to transportation in the early 21st century, 2 What developments allowed the widespread use of electricity as a source of light and power to become commonplace by the turn of the century? Developments with renewable energy and electricity Urban Industrial Consumerism Between 1920 And 1929 [introduction]Urban industrial consumerism between 1920 and 1929 collapsed in the Great Depression, but created a framework for a Consumer Recovery between 1941 and 1961. In the early twentieth century the United States began to dominate the world s economy. The US was a wealthy industrial nation, rich in many natural resources such as coal, wood, iron, and oil, and was able to maintain strong industries just as railway, mining, and manufacturing. Events like World War I (1914-1918), devastating for most European countries, helped to boost the US economy mainly because of providing war materials such as ammunition, weapons, and food supplies.[AE: Wilson]. The global war transformed the United States into an international creditor and increased both government spending and revenue. During the 1920s for most countries were experiencing time of the postwar recession, accompanied by attempts to rebuild themselves. For United States it was the time of great prosperity and economic boom. The development of technology, new machine tools, and interchangeable parts allowed to produce goods on a larger scale much quicker and cheaper than ever before. A huge impact on the boom of so called mass production was the invention of the assembly line. â€Å"Henry Ford the founder of the Ford Motor Company had a great vision, to create a motor car for the great multitude. (Reference) Thanks to the invention of the automotive assembly line his dream came true and many middle-class AmericansShow MoreRelatedUrban Industrial Consumerism Between 1920 And 19291443 Words   |  6 PagesUrban industrial consumerism between 1920 and 1929 collapsed in the Great Depression, but created a framework for a Consumer Recovery between 1941 and 1961. In the early twentieth century United States began to dominate the world s economy. Wealthy industrial nation, rich in many natural resources such as coal, wood, iron, and oil, was able to maintain strong industries just as railway, mining, and manufacturing. 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PERSONALITY, ATTITUDES AND JOB PERFORMANCE - 1021 Words

Brainstorming Danika George BU105 W15 Section 7 Management Principles Dwayne Payne March 29, 2015 Miller-Motte College Online Programs I will be writing my paper on personality, attitudes, and job performance. This subject(s) caught my eye because I am currently working in a job (field) where I deal with people every day. We all have different personalities and attitudes and we all have to learn how to deal with them if we are going to manage or work in these types of environments. Also, we have to be satisfied with our jobs to have good job performance. Studies show that the number of people who are satisfied with their jobs is currently declining because people are not enjoying their jobs. So, I will write my paper on†¦show more content†¦An attitude survey is a test or survey on the feelings of a population on a specific product, or company. These surveys can be useful for recognizing markets, and learning what demographics a company needs to concentrate on to uphold or increase sales, and measuring the market effect of announcements or events. Consistency is looked for more among attitudes and behavior. Job satisfaction consists of how the employee feels about their job. When other people talk about employee attitudes, they are linking this with job satisfaction. Job Involvement and Organization Commitment are similar because they are the gradation to which an employee relates with their job. The only difference is that job involvement is the degree to which an employee relates with their job, actively participates in it, and considers their job performance to be important to their pride and organization promise is the degree to which an employee relates with their job and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in that organization. Employee Engagement is when managers want their employees to be connected to, satisfied with, and enthusiastic about their goals. Self-esteem is part of adjustment. Locus of control is part of conscientiousness. Introversion and extraversion are part of sociability. Dogmatism and authoritarianism are part of intellectual openness. Traits are continua. People may be high, low, or in-between. Most people are in-between. Attitudes do not

A Study on the Affect of Music on Patients - 1666 Words

Critical Analysis of Nominated Literature: Lee-Chen Chen and his colleagues conducted a study on how music intervention or therapy lessens pre-radiotherapy anxiety in oncology patients through a fifteen-minute procedure. The purpose of the research was to examine the impact of music therapy and intervention on lessening pre-radiotherapy anxiety in these patients. The researchers carried out their study because of the tendency by oncology patients to react to radiation treatment with anxiety that is expressed in different forms such as frustration, fear, depression, and stress. Based on its findings, the study provides necessary insights regarding interventions that could help in decreasing anxiety levels among these patients as they undergo the treatment procedure. However, the study also raises some critical questions and concerns that are helpful in critiquing it and informing future studies. Background of the Study: The health issue under examination is this study is psychological distress among cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. The researchers examine this health issue because oncology patients usually respond to diagnosis and treatment through emotional expressions or symptoms in the form of anxiety. Some of the most commonly expressed forms of anxiety include stress, depression, fear, and frustration (Chen, Wang, Shih Wu, 2013, p.436). While these researchers focus on how music therapy helps to lessen this anxiety, they do not demonstrate how it isShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Music Therapy On Pain1089 Words   |  5 Pages A., Vivilaki, V. G., Lykeridou, K. (2012). Does music reduce postoperative pain? A review. Health Science Journal, 6(3), 365-377. Retrieved from EBSCO CINAHL with Full Text database. PICO Question In post surgical patients, how does music therapy, compared to no music therapy, affect pain levels during hospitalization time. 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Many researches have shown that music can have an affect on a variety of different conditions, including; ones’ education, social connection, and mental healing. Educationally, music can prepare your brain for superior achievements. In effect, this can cause a better understanding of mathematics and language skills or abilities. Socially, musicRead MoreCan Music Therapy Improve Stress Anxiety1461 Words   |  6 PagesCan Music Therapy Improve Stress Anxiety In Patients? Music therapy is the prescribed use of music credited by a profession to effect positive changes of an individual’s cognitive, psychological, physical, and or health problems.1 Music therapy involves interactions between the therapist, client, and music.1 There are many different forms of music therapy, such as, group music therapy, music assisted relaxation, and receptive music therapy.2,3,4 Through musical elements such as rhythm, melody, andRead MoreMusic And Music Essay893 Words   |  4 Pagespurpose of music is to touch hearts† (Johann Sebastian Bach). Music is a reflection of life, and feelings. Throughout the years music has played a very important part in every human culture, both past and present. The question is why, what does it do to people, and what makes music so special? In this essay I hope to answer these questions and explain just how music affects the brain and its benefits. Music affects the brain in many ways, but here are the three most important things music does to theRead MoreEffects Of Music On Health And Its Effects On The Human Body941 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Music on Health Through the history of humanity experts have found evidence that music was made since early years. Whether its social effect and the forced out at dances, rituals and festivities accompanying music has remained as inherent to the development of human history. Then there is the very evolution of music, its stages, its use as a distinctive cultural feature and make it seem infinite, so different in each region, age, culture, subculture, niche, layer, band, urban tribe, personRead MoreMusic Therapy For Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1587 Words   |  7 Pagesemotions, and controlling anger and anxiety. Music therapy can help those affected with PTSD and other anxiety disorders by helping them to create useful, healthy habits, and to express emotions in a safe way. 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Academic Project free essay sample

Unborn Pig Fetus Dissection. That is my academic project which has shaped what I want to do with my life. I partook in this project my freshman year. I already knew that I wanted to go to Notre Dame, after high school, but throughout the year I had to deal with people asking me what I wanted to do when I grow up. And after pig dissection, I knew I wanted to be a surgeon. Towards the end of my freshman year my lab group and I were given an unborn pig fetus and a dissection booklet. My three partners and I had to follow the dissection instructions and show our teacher what we had done. This task was easier said than done. First, it was very hard to keep the other three dissectors on task. Second, dissection is a very difficult process. And third, we were under a lot of pressure. We will write a custom essay sample on Academic Project or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the end, I was able to rally my colleagues and we did a terrific job in pig dissection. I was able to surgically dissect each part of the pig and turn them in within the strict deadline. This project was a lot of fun and taught me about myself. Before this I had barely considered a medical career something I could enjoy, but this experience helped me decide that I would love a job as a surgeon. I had a real knack for the dissection and feel that I could make a great surgeon. I realize that there is a huge difference between a living human and a dead pig, but I strongly believe that I could perform the difficulties that I will face as a doctor. In fact, I enjoyed the pig dissection project so much, that this year, as a senior, I am enrolled in Advanced Placement Biology, where I will dissect a cat! During the same time my mother fell ill, and after being sick for two years doctors were finally able to diagnose her with gluten intolerance. While she was ill, I would have to take care of her, and since she was unable to drive, I would have to stay home. I took care of my siblings during this time and had a lot of time to spend at home doing school work. After she was diagnosed her with gluten intolerance she immediately became much better. This doctor made a large impact on my life and less selfishly, my mother’s life as well. Seeing how one doctor could make a difference in many people’s lives inspired me to follow this path and help ease the pain and suffering of others. These two events took place simultaneously in my life, and have helped me mature and grow. I feel that I can take charge of any situation and perform under pressure. To me, being able to save lives is the greatest work anyone can do. And with my determination and intelligence, I believe that I c an become a doctor and help people.