Sino-Soviet relations Essays -- Soviet Union Russia History Communism

Sino-Soviet relations Following the Second World War a new political order existed. The world essentially was divided between two dominant and opposed spheres, that of the United States and that under the hegemony of the Soviet Union. This global order heavily influenced the foreign policy decisions of policy makers in both Washington and Moscow. Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist party and the absolute dictator of the Soviet Union, sought national security for the Soviet Union above all else in the sphere of foreign relations. Stalin’s dealings with other governments, including other Communist leaders, aimed largely towards serving the needs he perceived to exist in his country. Stalin’s government in dealing with China and Chinese communists, therefore, was more concerned with Soviet national security than with the fulfillment of the international communist revolution. Soviet-Chinese Relations Under Lenin Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik party and the Revolution of 1917 which ushered in communist rule in Russia, believed firmly in the idea of a world revolution and the eventual victory of the International Soviet Republic. Lenin, in making contact with the government in Peking, expressed that â€Å"The Chinese revolution will lead to revolution throughout the entire East, and will bring finally the downfall of world imperialism.† On May 4, 1919 Chinese students and intellectuals demonstrated against what they viewed as pro-Japanese sentiments in the Peking government during what became known as the May Fourth Movement. Moscow began monitoring the situation in China with hopes of fostering a communist movement. In 1921 a meeting was held in Shanghai in which a new party, the Chinese Comm... ...he Soviet Experiment: Russia, the USSR, and the Successor States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Articles Chen, Jian. â€Å"Working Paper #1: The Sino-Soviet Alliance and China's Entry into the Korean War.† Cold War International History Project Virtual Archive. 1 Jun. 1992. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 30 March 2003. . Chapters in edited books Jun, Niu. â€Å"The Orgins of the Sino-Soviet Alliance,† in Westad, Odd Arne, ed. Brothers In Arms: The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945-1963. Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1998. Westad, Odd Arne. â€Å"Introduction,† in Westad, Odd Arne, ed. Brothers In Arms: The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945-1963. Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1998.

Essay --

diamalkan pada hari ini, masyarakat Islam sebenarnya masih tidak dapat lari daripada menjadi mangsa urusniaga berteraskan riba. Ini adalah kerana dasar ekonomi global adalah dimonopoli oleh kaum bukan Islam. Inilah cabaran yang telah mewujudkan jurang yang ketara dari segi ekonomi di antara komuniti di dalam Tamadun Islam berbanding komuniti lain. Selain itu, faktor sejarah juga telah meletakkan bidang ekonomi sebagai suatu cabaran dialog antara pelbagai tamadun yang terdapat di Malaysia pada hari ini. Kesan daripada penjajahan British di Tanah Melayu telah mewujudkan perbezaan sektor ekonomi antara kaum. Penjajah British melalui Sistem Kangany telah membawa masuk buruh dari India Selatan bermula pada tahun 1890 sehingga 1938. Mereka telah ditempatkan untuk bekerja di ladang-ladang getah. Sementara itu, menjelang tahun 1820-an, buruh-buruh Cina pula telah di bawa masuk ke tanah Melayu. Mereka ditempatkan di lombong-lombong bijih timah. Oleh kerana sikap gigih dan sanggup bersusah payah untuk maju, kaum Cina telah berjaya membeli dan menguasai sebahagian besar lombong-lombong biji...

Communication and Assessment in Nursing Essay

The structure of this essay is designed to show the importance of relationship centered communication. However it will begin with a brief definition of the essential concepts intrinsic to the topic of therapeutic communication, distinct therapeutic nurse-patient relationship. Thereafter, it will focus on verbal and nonverbal communication, listening, understanding, empathy and important aspects of confidentiality and privacy. IntroJust as chemistry sciences were adopted as the 20th century medical model, patient’s perspective into a relationship-centered communication has been suggested as appropriate for the 21st century. It is the medical dialogue that provides the fundamental vehicle through which the battle of perspectives is waged and the therapeutic relationship is defined (Roter D. 2000). In many regards, the primary challenge to the field is the development of therapeutic communication that will provide a valid representation of the therapeutic relationship (Craven & Hirnle 2000). The purpose of this essay is to explore the implications of therapeutic communications in the nature of the patient-nurse relationship and its expression in routine of medical practice. Therapeutic communication is defined as the face-to-face process of interacting that focuses on advancing the physical and emotional well-being of a patient (http://tpub.com/content/medical ). Communication is an essential process when providing culturally competent nursing care and it must be therapeutic in nature to be effective. It involves the use of techniques such as using silence, offering self, restating, reflecting, and seeking clarification to name a few. Therapeutic communication involves displaying a genuine interest in the person communicating that is demonstrated trough the use of a relaxed and comfortable body posture. Therapeutic communication requires the components of empathy, positive regard, and a positive sense of self (Craven & Hirnle 2000). But no single definition could possibly capture the rich and complex nature  of the relationships between patients and nurses. Each relationship is distinct, because both patient and nurse are distinctive and the way they interact and relate is unique (Parbury 2006). The therapeutic nurse/client relationship stands at the core of health nursing. Through the establishment of this relationship, nurses are ideally suited as therapists to lead clients toward accomplishing their health goals (Parbury 2006). Therapeutic relationships between patients and nurses are formed in the majority of situations. In this type of relationships nurse’s perspective is primarily that the patient is a patient, but there is also recognition and understanding of the patient as the person (Parbury 2006). There are few similarities between the therapeutic relationship and friendship. It’s important to both to have worth, friendliness, trust, care, honesty and respect. Some differences in values and attitudes can hinder both as well as poor communication strategies. A feeling of satisfaction is important to both and also transference (involves clients feelings and acting toward the therapist as they did to other individuals in the past, mother/father for example) can occur in both ( Craven & Hirnle 2000). Let’s look into differences between the therapeutic relationship and friendship. Contract. A contract implicit on exploit is usually negotiated between client and workers and may include payment together they agree on. Limits are set whereas in friendship there is usually no monetary reward or contracts exchanged (Craven & Hirnle 2000). Aims. In helping relationship there are specific goals. Friendship on the other hand, does not usually have agreed upon goals, it’s usually spontaneous. Focus. Helpee’s needs are the focus of attention in the helping relationship- the helper temporally sets aside personal needs. In contrast, friendship usually means that mutual needs are met in sharing way (Beck & Polite 2004). Time. Therapeutic relationship require time that is planned, limited and sometimes scheduled. In addition time is finite and perhaps negotiated by a contract. Time in friendships is mostly spontaneous and tends to have fewer limits (Parbury 2006). Objectivity. Therapeutic relationships require that the helper strives to be objective, and to act in client’s best interests. Objectivity is mostly impossible in friendships due to the fact that self interest is largely paramount (Gladys, Husted and Husted 2001)Acceptance. The helper tries to accept the client in therapeutic relationship thereby is able to understand the behavior of imposing value and judgments. On the other hand friendships usually terminate when differences in values or interests become too great. After actively listening to a patient it is natural for a nurse to respond verbally. The nurse’s initial verbal responses set the direction for further interaction. Because there is a variety of possible ways to respond, nurses must ensure that their verbal responses move the relationship in a desired and intended direction (Parbury 2006). Choice of the response is based on insight into how it may affect the patient, the interaction and the relationship. A nurse who has this insight and awareness is in the best position to respond in the manner that both matches the current situation and realizes the response’s desired intent (Parbury 2006). Nonverbal responses are very important and the ability to recognize and interpret this kind of responses depends upon consistent development of observation skills. As we continue to mature in our role and responsibilities in the healthcare team, both clinical knowledge and understanding of human behavior will also grow (Beck & Polit 2000). Our growth in both knowledge and understanding will contribute to our ability to recognize and interpret many kinds of nonverbal communication. Our sensitivity in listening with our eyes will become as refined as-if not better than-listening with our ears (Roter 2000). Most frequently, the relationship and communication between patient and nurse  begins with an interview, during which the nurse collects pertinent data about the patient (Parbury 2006). The effectiveness of an interview is influenced by both the amount of information and the degree of motivation possessed by the patient (Parbury 2006). Factors that enhance the quality of an interview consist of the participant’s knowledge of the subject under consideration; his patience, temperament, and listening skills; and our attention to both verbal and nonverbal cues. Courtesy, understanding, and nonjudgmental attitudes must be mutual goals of both the interviewee and the interviewer (Roter 2000). Understanding a patient’s experience, that is, viewing the world from patient’s perspective is one of the most essential aspects of interacting and building relationships in nursing (Parbury 2006). In patient-nurse relationship it is the nurse’s responsibility to make mutual understanding easier, which would be the basis of meaningful interaction. Mutual understanding requires time, effort, commitment and skill. It can be challenging for one person to understand and appreciate another person’s reality. Listening and effective attending would give ability to the nurse to develop an understanding of the patient’s experience (Parbury 2006). Effective listening demonstrates open acceptance of the patient, and encourages the patient to interact. Listening to the patient and watching how he listens. Observing how he gives and receives both verbal and nonverbal responses. When nurses listen, just listen, they pay careful attention to what they hear and observe, they focus on what is expressed by the patient and they try to determine what the patient is meaning. Effective listening requires receptivity, sustained concentration and astute observation. The skill of listening is fundamental and crucial to patient-nurse relationship (Ooijen 2000). Listening permeates the entire relationship; if meaningful interpersonal connections are to occur, listening must be engaged in throughout every interaction in therapeutic relationship (Parbury 2006). The skills of clarification are used whenever nurses are uncertain or unsure about what patients are saying. Clarification is often achieved trough the use of probing skills. At times a restatement of what a patient has said is an effective means of clarifying (Parbury 2006). Other times, nurses clarify what a patient has said by sharing how they might feel, think and perceive the situation if they were the patient. Reflecting feelings is useful too, because it conveys the nurse’s recognition of feelings and confirms the existence of emotions. When used to collect information, therapeutic communication requires a great deal of sensitivity as well as expertise in using interviewing skills (Roter 2000). To ensure the identification and clarification of the patient’s thoughts and feelings, we, as the interviewers, must observe his behavior. By using the skills of understanding nurses can arrive at knowing what patient is experiencing and thus are in a better position to be empathetic. Empathy is the ability to perceive the world from another person’s view, and take on the perspective of another, while not losing one’s own perspective (Parbury 2006). The ability to enter to another person’s experience to perceive it accurately and to understand how the situation is viewed from the client’s perspective is very important in therapeutic communication. By using therapeutic communication, we attempt to learn as much as we can about the patient in relation to his illness. To accomplish this learning, both the sender and the receiver must be consciously aware of the confidentiality of the information disclosed and received during the communication process (Roter 2000). Confidentiality is not merely keeping patient information inside the confines of a particular setting, but also considering what should be shared, trough reporting and recording, with other nurses and other health care professionals (Parbury 2006).There has to be a therapeutic reason for invading a patient’s privacy. Information that has no direct bearing on the nursing or other healthcare of the patient should be considered confidential and treated as such (Parbury 2006). Finally, interpret and record the data we have observed. As I mentioned earlier, listening is one of the most difficult skills to master. It  requires maintaining an open mind, eliminating both internal and external noise and distractions, and channeling attention to all verbal and nonverbal messages (Roter 2000). Listening involves the ability to recognize pitch and tone of voice, evaluate vocabulary and choice of words, and recognize hesitancy or intensity of speech as part of the total communication attempt. The patient crying aloud for help after a fall is communicating a need for assistance. This cry for help sounds very different from the call for assistance we might make when requesting help in transcribing a physician’s order (Roter 2000). Also advances in both video recording technology and participant observations have led us to consider ways in which these observational methods may be blended to answer research questions. Such innovations in data collection have t he potential to extend our understanding of social interactions in important ways (Paterson, Bottorf & Hewat 2003). ConclusionFinally, essential nature between patients and nurses is that of mutual understanding. It is clear that to function effectively in the therapeutic communication, we need to be informed and skilled practitioners, but not only that, active listening, empathy, understanding is necessary when we there to help our patients. They become calmer and more appreciated after having someone listen to them and express their feelings. Nurse needs to have the ability to express verbally and nonverbally, clarifying and reflecting with the patient, spending time and accepting and understanding behavior of imposing value and judgments. Also let the patient know that we care and that they are able to trust because of information that they share with us stays confidential and their privacy will not be damaged. Clearly therapeutic communication is central to health nursing and through this process nurse-client relationships can be enhanced. References: Andersen, C., & Adamsen, L. (2001). Continuous video recording: a new clinical research tool for studying the nursing care of cancer patients. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35, 257-267. Beck C.T., Polit D.F. (2000) Nursing Research: Principles and Methods Patient Education Counseling. Journal article 39(1):5-15. Lippincott W&W. Carol, D. Tamparo, Wilburta, Q. Lindh (2000) Therapeutic relationships for Health Professionals. Craven, R.F. & Hirnle, C. J. (2000) Fundamentals of Nursing: Human Health and Function, (4th edition). Husted, G. L., & Husted, J. H. (2001).Ethical decision making in nursing (3rd ed.). New York: Springer. Ooijen, E.V. (2000) Clinical Supervision a Practical Guide. Policies and Procedures. Health Visitors. Harcourt Pub. Lim. Parbury, S. J. 2006 Patient and Person. Interpersonal skills in Nursing. (3rd ed.)Sydney: Harcourt. Paterson, B., Bottorff, J., & Hewatt, R. (2003). Blending observational methods: Possibilities, strategies, and challenges. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2 (1). Article 3. Retrieved [12.04.07] from http://www.ualberta.ca/~iiqm/backissues/2_1/ html/patersonetal.htmlRoter D. (2000) The Role of Information Technology and Informatics Research in the Nurse-Patient Relationship. Retrieved [7.04.07] from http://adr.iadrjournals.org/cgi/content/full/17/1/77Volbert R.M (2002) Nursing Ethics, Communities in Dialogue. New Jersey. Prentice Hall. Wicks D. (1999) Nurses and doctors at work. Rethinking professional boundaries. Deidre Wicks. Lindeman, C., & McAthie, M. (1999). Fundamentals of Contemporary Nursing Practice. Philadelphia: Saunders. Zilm, G., & Entwistle, C. (2002).The smart way. Canada: Harcourt.

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Mentors comes off as unreasonable and a brutal killer. He starts off by presenting himself as kind of knowing his motivations and his strive for good will. Since he mentions positive characteristics, Fortunate indicates the care for his death. Fortunate could have done something so awful that it merits the action that Mentors takes. 2. As the story goes on, the setting changes profusely. The setting changes along with the action. In the beginning, the story has a lot of Irony and light. The action sakes place In the middle of a carnival.Carnivals usually have a happy and fun setting. Later, we start seeing how dark and evil Mentor's plans are which Is dark and literal. When the story changes to underground Into the catacombs and the pile of bones resembles the action and give strength on the object of Mentor's evil. 3. Mentors is the protagonist because he is the narrator and main character. He is evil minded and murdered Fortunate. The protagonist usually is the main character and t he hero, but Mentors is the main character and is not a hero. Fortunate is the antagonist because he amplifies the mystery and suspense. . The similarities of the two stories could be a mental disorder drawing them to the necessity for evil. â€Å"The Black cat† 1 . The narrator feels condemned and guilty, though he is not guilty for killing his wife and Pluto. This says that he is a cold hearted man. He is evil and had a desire to kill. The narrator feels guilty about hurting his cat, Pluto, and cutting its eye out but he does not feel bad about abusing all of his other animals and his wife. This tells us he gives more personality to his cat than to his own wife and cares more about the one cat. 2.In the beginning of his marriage, he and his wife got along very well and he loved animals. But then, the man started drinking and his personality changed for the worse. HIS personality changed as a result of â€Å"the Fiend Intemperance. † HIS was heavily drinking. As days went by, the drinking got heavier and heavier and he became meaner. He then threatened to physically abuse his wife. When the their loyalty to him. In the end of the story, he had killed all of his animals including his favorite cat, Pluto. 3. Yes, this fear is Justified because he sees a white mark on the body of the cat that resembles the gallows, where hangings occur.This reminds him of his hanging of his favorite cat, Pluto. When the cat came around that looked Just like Pluto. He did not want to hurt another animal so he tried to stay away. He tried to axe the cat because he was so irritated. When the cat finally left, he felt better and free. It is Justified because he resisted killing it. 4. I do see similarities in this story. The similarities that came to mind was the temptation to have what their mind was set on causing them to do evil. The narrator must have a mental disorder as well because he drank away his problems and had a desire to kill without guilt.

Northeast England and Scotland Economies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Northeast England and Scotland Economies - Essay Example This essay discusses that the unfolding economic crisis in the recent years has had adverse effects in many economies in the globe. The Northeast England and Scotland’s economies have not been an exception. Apparently, the two economies, in common with economies of other developed countries’ economies, have not been immune to the prevalent effects of the major economic recession in the recent years. The Scottish economy has the second largest GVA per capita of all the countries in the U.K after England. Even so, as prevalent with other industrialised economies, Scotland has recorded a decline in the importance of the manufacturing industries. There has however been a rise in the service sector of the economy which has recorded significance growth rate in the past few years. Despite all these, the Scottish economy has been marred by adverse effects of the recent economic recession. As a fact, Scottish economy has veneered falls in output and increased pressures on employ ment. However, the economy has shown some signs of recovery in the recent years. This can be attributed to the Economic Recovery Plan that will be discussed at length in this paper. On the contrary, the Northeast England has the lowest GVA per capita in England and the second lowest in the whole UK. For instance, its GVA per capita is pegged at about 80% of the U.K average. The North East economy has for many years been contingent of two major industries, coal mining and ship building. This traditional industrial base of mining, ship building, heavy engineering, Iron, Steel and manufacturing have faced tremendous decline in the recent past (Kirby, Barrell & Whitworth 2011 p.128). Perhaps, this accounts for the low economic prospects in the Northeast England. The general productivity of those who work is below the national average. Likewise, the number of people of working age in employment is below the national average. The situation is worsened by the fact that only about twenty fo ur percent of young people in the region access higher education, thus, significantly below the national target of fifty percent. Adam Smith and Michael Porter’s view on optimal development of national economies Adam Smith attacked the antiquated government restrictions. He argued that such government restrictions are responsible for hindering industrial revolution. He accused governments for allegedly interfering with the economic process through various restrictions including tariffs. According to him, this created inefficiency and resulted to high prices in the long run. The second chapter of the book is entitled â€Å"of restriction upon the importation from foreign countries of such goods as can be produced at home†. In this chapter, Smith avers that: â€Å"by preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he(an individual) intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention ... by pursuing his own interest, he frequently promotes that of the society more effectively than when he really intends to promote it† (Smith, 2011 p.212). By these words, Smith implies that human beings are naturally rational and often, they are driven by self-interest. In this regard, if left on their own, each individual will follow his and her own

Deal Gases Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Deal Gases - Coursework Example There are different gas laws that exist and are summarized by the equation of state (Meyer, 2011). These gas laws include Boyle’s law, Charles law, Gay – Lussac’s law and other gas law. The Boyle’s law was derived, finalized and published in 1662. The law states that when gas is at constant temperature, the product obtained from the volume, and the pressure of a certain mass of gas that is confined in a closed system is always a constant. The pressure gauge can be used to verify this statement together with a variable container capacity. The law can also be derived from the kinetic theory of ideal gases. For instance, if a gas container has a fixed number of molecules in it and its volume is reduced more molecules will collide per unit time per given area. This aspect results in a higher pressure in the container (Wang, 2013). 2. Select the light species of the box on the right-hand corner. You can notice that the pump turns red. At that time, the pump is given a press. Again, wait for the values to stabilize and observe the results. When the pump is pressed it some while to come to the stable state. When the pump gives a substantial push the volume of the gas reduced. For this experiment volume in an independent variable, since it does depend on the other parameter to change. The pressure is the dependent variable as it depends on the volume change for it to vary. The graph was plotted for the values of the pressure, and the volume showed that the pressure of the gas varies inversely proportionally to the volume of the gas. The relationship between the pressure and the volume of gas under constant temperature is summarized by the Boyles Law. This law states the under constant conditions of temperature, gas will have its pressure vary inversely proportional to the volume. Charles’ Law is also referred to as the law of

Analyzing results of operations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzing results of operations - Case Study Example e is lower in the previous case because it includes the income from taxation, revenues from institutions, rights and privileges, income from dividend, interest, rent and other investments, federal grants and contracts and other income. But in the second case, it includes more details factors other than those mentioned above and these are individual and fiduciary income, corporate income, sales and use, motor vehicle sales and use, motor fuel, premiums of insurance companies, income from selling of alcoholic beverages, income from tobacco products, public service corporations, excise duty on beer and beverages, bank stock, other taxes, wine and spirit, grants and contributions. Thus it can be seen that the government-wide statement of activities has included more detailed factors of income and thus the changes in revenue is higher in the statement. The net change in fund balances is $125585 thousands and change in net position in govt.-wide statement is $ 1060089 thousands. The change s in net position is positive in both the statement but in govt.-wide statement it is much higher as the revenue is higher as compared to the statement of revenues, expenditures and changes in fund balances in the governmental funds. Here we need to provide an understandable explanation of the results of operations of this government from the perspective of both the operating statement. In the statement of revenues, expenditures and changes in fund balances in the governmental funds they govt. has shown the revenues those are mentioned above and expenditures and other financing sources comprising of both cash inflow and outflow. The fund balance in June 30 is $ 637944 thousands and fund balance at 1st July is $ 512359 thousands. Thus the net change in fund balances as per the statement of revenues, expenditures and changes in fund balances in the governmental funds is $ 125585 thousands. In case of the government-wide statement of activities, the govt. has shown the revenues those