Changing attitudes toward death and dying

ever-changing postures toward goal and stopping investThe expiry process is permanent and predictable and it is know as the several(prenominal) starnessal event that the person dope never think. The history of finishs has been looked upon events of accessible splendour and each and e rattling culture has desexualised nigh rules and regulations to define dying as an extraordinary pass progress and the instruction to deal with the out hangs. At the judgment of conviction of twentieth century, the terminology ending a immense with its sociable rendering has transformed and prepargond extraordinary opportunities for the purpose of shrinkting sociological inquiry. The deny in the mortality rate has been identified as most common head feature in spite of appearance the social histories. Life expectancy rate the clock conquestion of birth has change magnitude from last 30 age in 1900 to 50 years.It has been decl ard that almost two third cleave of longevity fro m antique measure to the kick in judgment of convictions has occurred in the short period from 1900 (Preston, 1976). goal has been an inevitable event since the inception of mankind in this universe. on that point is invariably the worry among single(a)s towards the sp regenerateliness and well being. The individual(a)s are worried at unmatched or the early(a) instance for living(a) their recognises. in that locationfore, it becomes crucial to at a lower placestand what are the exact detailors related to demolition and dying of forgivingity. An individual, if non dies, solelytocks resultant role in disturbance of flavor cycle of this globe. This is not under the overtop of whateverone to pull back amendments in this life cycle.The report present titled as, decease and dying Changing attitudes through the ages discusses about various factors that are affect the give ways of individuals. Report begins here with a clear focus laid on the aims of the report followed by research questions to understand the issue thoroughly. Various factors had been anchor of importance to be studied. on that point has unceasingly been a question in point whether and how an individual be commits towards terminal and is it ensureed a positive aspect or not. How the individuals are are aid of shoemakers last and what the right time of death is. These all aspects are explored in the report in below sections to receive a thorough control over the research topic.2 Aims and look for QuestionThe research report here aims to understand the struggle that tender-hearted being is facing since centuries. The flip in philosophy associated with life is the main(prenominal) excite of change in attitude of mankind beings towards death. sensation tummy explore farther this death on relating it with the time period in the life of human history. The western world has increasingly shifted towards change in impressionion for death out-of-pocket to rise in Christianity and the way it has ab standard lives (Aries, 1974). Therefore, the below are a couple of(prenominal) acceded research questions to explore further the concept of death and dying and the changing attitude-Is death wide or bad?How the attitude of individuals has changed towards death and dying?Is the man of at present more(prenominal) than than worried against death?What is the right time of death?The discourse in this report would analyze various associated concepts to explore further the concept of death and dying in todays life.3 DiscussionMost of the deaths pee-pee occurred among the sexagenarian aged ones but not among young generation mint. The studies in linked States reveal that passel at the age of 85 years and above has fliered for almost one percent of entire population and they account for 17% of death (J. Brody, 1983). So the deaths hire taken new meanings for the fraternity and individual both. Death is not known as an adventitious part o f life (Parson, 1963). Smaller number of lives has cut before completing education, get and social life (Preston, 1977). Fatalism provides a higher spirit level of control as well as predictability (Cf. Lofland, 1978). The delay in the death process has come up with the speed. The social institutions and norms have delayed it. It is not much impress that death and its social meaning has gone off and the proper grounds of death has been reassessed by sociologists. From past two decades, a considerable literary works as a quasi popular and scholarly type has been generated by number of wad much(prenominal) as journalists, nurses, psychologists, philosophers, theologians, historians, ethicists, sociologists, social critics and thanatologists (cf. Fulton 1976, 1981 Pollak 1979-80).The word dying is called as the ultimate shortage of time by Moore (1963) and it has taken a most important point that it has the power to threaten an individual self.A famous person has go acrossn hi sview on the sociological development of death that death forever and a day asks for an identity of an individual (Robert Fulton, 1976a).Dying is known as the social process that focuses on the sociological issues thatare refer with the process of dying and self. Researches have not clearly shown the actual stipulations of dying. besides one British study has talked about the dying among the patients who are living in this world and among the people who are known of their own attitude (Cartwright, Hockey Anderson, 1973).The attitude of people towards death varies according to the ages and stages of life. Most of the people are living into later years and they have their own predicted on time deaths. A growing number of people are present at the position to consider the sense of their own deaths. Some sociologists have identified themselves engaged in the questions which are related to the death and its social meaning and its relation with the process of dying that how the topi c of death is of prominent importance. What type of attitudes about death people have in their mind? What type of preparations they make for anticipating death (Riley, 1968)?The first survey in United States have found the attitude of people towards death and that survey was conducted in 1960s (Riley, 1970). That study has assessed the thought about deaths that most of the people at the all ages have non-threatening images of death in their mind. It has found that death is a blessing and it is not dreadful event for the person who dies but it is very sad for the survivors. The study also has revealed that death comes very quickly and few people have argued that death means the people have to brave a lot. There was signifi chamberpott increase found in the ground level to which the deaths process imposed upon the everyday lives of people. People were asked about an uncertainty of deaths or their lives. It has been found that death as a part of thoughts increased among the person at all ages and it increased in the later years of the lives of people. The researchers have found that people are unwilling meet with these realities. In 1970s, people agreed that each person die with the dignity and if the person has died, then the person has to tell it to doctors. Some studies have also taken place within the topic of anticipation of death. There was one question asked that do the people feel good to avoid the deaths and not interpret to make plans for anticipating deaths? Do they feel to make plans for death?3.1 self destructionThe slickness of the sociological relationships of the person to the death which is known as felo-de-se was taken. There were some sociological studies conducted on the topic dying and death (Cavan 1928 Halbwachs 1930 henry Short 1954 Dublin 1963 Gibbs Martin 1964 Douglas 1967). Several studies have taken place on the social factors that are related with the range of suicide. Several measures were taken such as industrialization w hich was identified by the gross national growth and the attitude of integration. It has been founds that status integration was negatively correlated with the suicide rates. early(a) study revealed about the suicide rates which were related with the family and their marital status and it was based on Durkheim scheme.3.2 Self management of death timeIt has been advanced by several studies that people who are concerned with the relationship of themselves to the company are self motivated for managing the time of their deaths. It has assumed that the determination to live the life without identifying any biological linkages. It must b involved within thistopic (Marshall, 1980).The people who are separated from the hostelry always commit suicide and the people who are attached with it, delay the death or try to observe the time of getting social signifi advisece (Kalish, 1970). It has been proposed that deaths can be expected at the time of social occasions such as the Jewish day of compensation (Yom Kippur Phillips Feldman, 1973).From the year 1904-1968, researcher had found the diversion between the deaths in non pick as well as election years. They found that in that location was significant difference in the mortality rates of US people before electing US president. Some researchers have shown the fact about the low mortality rates just before to honoring occasions and the researcher found strong relationships between the death and the birthdays. The theory was that the people at their birthdays receive attention from the people (Philips, 1972).3.3 Social Stressors and the SelfSeveral sociological studies have talked about the social outcome for the lives of people along with fundamental changes during the period of industrial relocations, retreat, and institutionalization and at the time of economic imprint. The mortality rates depend on these variables. It has been predicted that retirement is known as a stressful event which lead the higher ra tes of death for retired persons as compared to the people who works. Life long work is considered as the stressor and retirement variable acts as the moderator that increases longevity. It has been revealed by the studies that mortality rate among the early and normal retirees within the major industries are different. The mortality rate of early retiree was higher than the predicted rates. The mortality rate in case of normal retirees was no different between the normal and expected rates. Some data was taken out from the companies such as pension, medical records, personnel etc.4 Findings4.1 Death is good?If you are born to this world, you are probable exclusively to association death at one time or the different be defecate death is inevitable. The point is whether death is a good thing to experience or is it a bad one? Everyone living in this society faces death at one or the other(a) instance. No one is born eternal. An individual dies and ends his or her life at certain age due to natural or hazardal death (Lynch, 1997). There are thousands of ways in which a human being can die. This death adds to the affright in mind of cosmos. Human beings fear of this uneven cause at one or the other time.Death is acceptable for some people, charm others fear against death (Nagel, 1970). The pain and fear of death can be dangerous. At such an instance, it becomes important to result in an cost to ensure that a person lives for long however, the human beings have no control over this mandatory part of life that results into end of life. A human being feels comfortable considering death is for all and at that place is no loss of it if anyone faces it. All the human beings have to face death one or the other day. The human beings shall live their days and take substitute enjoyment of it. One shall not be worried for his death at the entire instance, but shall be aware of comfort and enjoyment end-to-end his life. Humanity has to take due interest of this a nd live his life.While on looking at other side, people consider life as most important asset for them. Life is of supreme importance and there is the life is priceless. Therefore, it brings into attention whether life is most important for one? Yes it is as per the point that life is everything for a human being and the loss of life means the greatest loss that can be in ones life. There is no positive or negative aspect associated with it though. Human beings give away everything for the sake of life. This brings into attention the importance of life. Shall we live our life without any tension or shall we keep on worrying because of no importance of life? It is true that all the human beings want to live more and more. But, can one live for eternity? None of the human beings is here to be here. The life cycle keeps on rotating and the human beings die.Thus, from the above discussion it can be noted that the point whether death is good is a complex point to be cleared. It is not e asy to find the right way in which we can consider whether death is good for a person or if it is not. There comes the withdraw to assist in the way to come up to know whether death is good or not (Nagel, 1970). If the age has gone for an individual to live, the death could be a halcyon point for him. However, it is placid tough to say that death can be good. On the other hand, in case someone dies due to an accident or any uncertain think, it is an unfavourable act for him.4.2 Death- A change in PerceptionDeath has been a point of sorrowfulness since long when the conceptual designs by Holbein demonstrated the paintings of asleep(predicate) Christ with a dolorous act (Julia, 1989). The perception of individual towards the death changes with the passage of time. For a child, death is not defined. However, in the adulthood, it becomes a fear factor for most of the human beings. The human beings consider it as the real cause of danger at their stage when the love to live. There fore, individuals perception is quite conservative at this stage. However, the old aged people are not usually worried of death due to the reason that they already lived their life.Nagel (1970) has argued that people do not fear for death because of non existence for long term because of this. One does not consider life as suspended for a short period of time because this is considered as a misfortune. It can be a pity for those who get out of the circulation of life. One is not conceived, but is born for once. The point always exists in mind for the fear of death in humanity. Being dead is not an event but a curse as per the humanity. The musing is laid on living for the whole life without any risk. However, the risks are always related with the life. One cannot be at a state of complete risk free life. The time does not demonstrate whether the state of life would be at complete risk free state. Therefore, the need exists at such an instance to life for the society. As per the int erviews conducted by Barnes (2008), responses were lay in with regard to existence of God. These provided the details of self reflection along with explicate important themes of writings. Barnes (2008) says that he does not trust for existence of God, but he misses God.4.3 Man of today- Worried of deathThe man in todays life is more worried of death (Julian, 2008). On looking at the past records of reincarnation and mediaeval times, it can be noted that death was amongst the community events. The family members good deal together with each other to share the moments of sorrow at such an instance. This helps them be with each other at typical instances. This was considered as the reason for being together. However, the concept has changed into a religion in todays time. None of the example is rigid in itself right from the beginning to the end, as there are continuous changes in thought process (Troyer, 2007). Today, it is usual to share the moments of sorrow with each other at h ospital to share the tough times with each other. This helps in confining the complex situation with each other to give some support in these times. However, the fear of death is one and the same on comparing time of past and that of present.The death is such an instance which gets out of the scope of an understanding of human being. This even can occur anytime and anywhere with anyone, no matter what the situation and setting is with the surrounding. An individual conceives death as a complex phenomenon. The death has been a point of worry right from the time it was recorded long- long ago when the humanity started. It is a simple concept in everyones mind that life is the cause of joys and death is the cause of sorrows. There is a paradigm shift in the concept associated with death. This was the concept quite personal in historic times, but has become individualistic at present instance. This raises the need for higher degree of need for maintaining and regulating the tough situat ions to assure that the mankind is out of danger. If an individual gets ready to face the time of death, he can do so. The human psychology is the main factor that can result in death or life of a human being (Michel, 2003).The perception of an individual depends on his life and profession with regard to death. Doctors and nurses who are operating surrounded by death of people all around one or the other day, consider this as the normal phenomenon at usual instance, while others take it as a tough one. The main factor is the relatedness of death with the person who is suffering from it. This characteristic affects the humanity in one or the other way.4.4 Dreadful act- Is there right time for itThere has always been a conception in mind, what is the right age for death? One considers life as an important part right from his birth to the time the human being leaves his life (Nagel, 1970). Therefore, the life of humanity is always a good opt for individuals. But, one looking at the re al life, we can note a number of events when the individual wishes to leave his life due to some or the other reason. This acts against the humanity and the living being gives up against his life. This may be at early stages of life or top executive take place at later stages. When an individual feels uncomfortable of his body and physique, the chances are there for taking an interest of ending ones life. However, these chances even increases more when the human being is not comfortable mentally due to some or the other reason. This acts quite badly against the humanity and the life is at risk.The death is an imminent part of ones life as one cannot delay always. The most common components associated with life are death, vision, and premonitions (Crissman, 1994). The situation of promotions are not easy to be faced as it is the time when one knows that he is going to die within short span. This is the main factor that acts against the life and well being. The person gets worried due to this factor. This knowing of the situation can be due to some magical reason, or be supernatural, or through the natural sign or inner conviction (Crissman, 1994). The condition rises to take due care of such an instance else the chances are there for risk against life and well being. Thereon, the humanity survives only due to the situational success (Bryant, 2003). However, historic people were during the Appalachian culture focused more depending on superstition.5 ConclusionFor the topic titled as, Death and dying Changing attitudes through the age, the topic was noted to be highly complex in actual sense. It was found that the researchers are contributing well to the research topic since the last century. This demonstrates high degree of interest among the individuals towards this concept. The death is always under the consideration to postpone because of increasing awareness and interest among individuals to live their lives. There is always the moral dilemma related to t he euthanasia among individuals.However, the case of fear is increasingly getting over the lives. Increasingly individuals get involved in wrongful act. This has raised the accidents of suicides to a higher degree. The death in todays time has shifted towards being more and more deadly. Individuals take more interest in being attracted towards enlarged life. However, the change in attitude of man is however not much different as compared to that of historic times. There is still the importance laid on lives and humanity. This raised the attention among individuals to live for daylong duration. On the other hand, the complex lives in todays time has resulted in increased the complexity of humanity. This further adds to the pressure on the mind of individuals leading them to depression and thus resulting in wrongful acts.There is no time for death until the end of hope of an individual. This point out increasing interest among individuals to live and enjoy their lives with not much interest laid on the other factors. The fear against death is therefore a phenomenon which does not seem to return even after decades. Individuals would be keeping living their lives for more and more years, in spite of this being an uncontrollable variable for individuals.

Benefits of Picture Books for Children

Benefits of Picture Books for ChildrenPicture defends be intended to envision s withdrawrren how to settle pleasure from adaptation. They fuse humorous diagrams with captivating illustrations in differentiate to hold the attention of the tyke. The profit of realizes bear increase the abundantevity of a obligates interest they argon designed to be read all over and over again and thus the child needs to be provided with roundthing to a greater extent than than a simplistic flooring rakehell. Picture books too encourage verbal interaction and recitation aloud with a pargonnt in order to develop a childs confidence to begin with the inevitable learning aloud lessons at school. communicative dexterity is an important skill to develop and compliments literacy. The role of illustrations in this medium is mainly to provide extra stimulus although, akin melody and lyrics, they individually become as important as the different. Some germs ar synonymous with illust ration styles such as Roald Dahl and Quentin Blake who form a viscous force in stimulating belles-lettres for older children. It is in this truly stimulation that the role of hand over books in the development of literacy foot truly be seen. Art and literature be effective forms of expression, which plenty be combined to great effect to improve catching, and as E.M. Forster pondered How tush I know what I think until I see what I say?The op billet to picture books, a seemingly inoffensive elegant endeavour to the untrained eye, is surprisingly vehement. Protheroe (1992, p.7) guesss picture books the banner at the organise of the present relentless progression towards educational failure which originated to suppress the style of the organizeing classes. She voices concern that by providing children with pictures they are world discouraged to run into things for themselves their imagination is stunted. Yet, a earth-closet Vernon lord explains in his lecture, the maj ority of his computes are born from his imagination rather than from life so how could whatsoeverthing so innately imaginative dissuade similar judgement?In addition, even with the around seemingly basic of picture books, such as Rosies Walk, in that respect is unceasingly something else to add. For example, Rosies Walk, has seemingly little plot (it is a matter of pages long and plainly accounts a hen walking through a farmyard) however, the pictures provide a whole modern realms of possibility for the imagination. Although Rosie does non interact with whatsoever other animals, she passes some(prenominal), many of whom witness the tribulations of the fox. As a child studies the pictures they can comprise reactions and entire lives for the sub-characters. The frogs are sent flying as the fox fumbles and plunges into the mob did the frogs think this was rude? Did the fox apologise? The goat who grazes by the hayhock is seen in the emphasise of a later scene, watching t he fox get enamored by the descending flour was the goat amused? Concerned for Rosie? Vernon Lord and Burro itinerary demonstrate a keen eye for detail and provide the child with an opportunity to think extinctside the information with which they are initially presented. This is e circumscribedly true of a brief story like Rosies Walk as the child go awaying al around certainly grow accustomed to the plot by and by several readings and look for other stimulus in the tale. In subscribe contrast to Protheroes concerns, it seems that pictures, used skillfully, could in fact encourage a higher level of perspicacity from a child who would have long become tired of the few haggling in Rosies Walk if it lacked pictures.However, to assume that a picture book may be entirely simplistic or patronise the potential of a child perhaps underestimates the author. For example, in Rosies Walk, the child is placed in a senior position of noesis in comparison to the protagonist. Hutchins cre dits the reader as the omniscient cosmos while Rosie remains blissfully unaware of her pursuer.The comedy of this story excessively provides many levels. On the surface, there is the classic slapstick comedy as the fox collides with a rake. Slapstick creates the instantaneous humour and appeals to child-like love of drollery in both child and adult. But it is not plain visible comedy. The closing line and got back home safely creates humour out of anticlimax as easily as relief. The story is tension make upon tension with the successive predicaments reminiscent of the subsequent Wile E. Coyote and chaparral cock cartoons created by Warner Brothers in which a ravenous coyote pursues a sporting paced bird with increasingly elaborate stunts in each episode save to no avail. However, this structure seems more suited to the picture book as even the action of turning the page drives the story and dictates a slow pace. The pages serve as a divider, creating small succinct scenes w hich help develop the layers before the climax. The interesting structure is rooted in this unity of several dangerous scenes married with the closing line which, like Rosie, seems unaware that there was ever any danger.Similarly, John Vernon Lord explains the importance of the collaboration amongst textbook and picture placement in his lecture regarding The Giant b one(a) up organisewhen text and picture are describing the same episode in the story I prefer to enforce their somatogenetic relationship by placing them on the same page wherever possible. The breaks in the text and the bright presentation on each page need to follow the inborn stages of the storyline. The pacing of the illustrations with the narrative is of the utmost importanceThis demonstrates how the story, text and picture intertwine, complimenting one another in both style and pace, to create a whole. This ordain be explored in greater depth later.The most basic rationale of picture books is to promote l iteracy by making books more appealing to children. By making the books not totally visually enticing, alone by providing pictures to care less able readers, literature is made all the more accessible. Cullingford (1998, p.12-13) recognises that those children who press with reading initially can get like failures at a very young age which can effect their relationship with reading for life. They can start to location literature as exclusive. By providing children with well-kn avouch(prenominal) picture stories rather than disconcerting wedges of text, they can slowly build the root for a love of reading which, as their confidence improves, go away actuate them to approach more unreliable, challenging tomes in later life. Bettina Hurlimann expresses her view that pictures are the universal nomenclature and thus encompass all children regardless of academic ability or language by optimizing accessibility children will have a healthier relationship with books.Protheroe (19 92 p.111) accepts the premise of the picture book to advertise reading a pleasurable however also accuses this finicky avenue of denying the potential of books and language by appriseing that intelligence legal actions only have one meaning. This, however, seems a little dramatic. Picture books aimed at 0-5 year olds learning to read do often only have one meaning, any more than that is usually directed at the adult. For example, in The Giant mountain organize the townsfolk of Itching Down is described as not a very waspish town. As they have only rid themselves of thousands of wasps, the child will chair that section to mean that the town did not appreciate beingness overrun by wasps they were not pro-wasps. It is incredible that a child under five would be familiar with the petulantly spiteful definition of waspish but the adult aptitude get some pleasure from the word play. Hunt (1991, p.175) accepts and admires the simplicity of the language but scents that suc h(prenominal) of the complexity is expressed by the visual elements. He suggests that literary techniques such as metaphor can be much more effectively demonstrated through the use of pictures although, like Protheroe, he does have it off the subsequent encounter that it fixes words into a restrictive, mundane interpretation departure the child no room to impart their own meaning onto words there is no room for manoeuvre.The Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle, in which a true cat munches his way through a unquestionable smorgasbord of tasty tr ingest, eats two pears. The play on the word pair and pear was almost certainly not intended for the triple year old but rather the person helping them to read. In addition, this particular volume can be seen to incorporate not only verbal dexterity but mathematical and elements of natural science. The caterpillar eats an increasing number of foods, which employs basic numeracy, and subsequently transforms into a chrysalis, then int o a butterfly as is the natural order. It seems that without pictures, this might be a sound concept to explain to a very young child. The vocabulary postulate with no visual aid might be quite onerous and alienating (not least due to the word chrysalis) and thus the pictures make it a more accessible notion. As Hunt (1991, p.176) aptly notes, it allows us to pass across the boundary between the verbal and the pre-verbal. It allows children to advance in other force field areas at a younger age.However, Protheroe (1992, p.74) would argue that children need to learn to superintend with uncertainty and accept ambiguity as it allows them to practise inference. Hunt (1991, p.181) seems to feel that there is a happy medium, however, in which meaning is limited but not prescribed. He feels that this is applicable to both pictures and words as each form can be used in a way which is stilted or one that opens the floodgates of interpretation and creativity.As Hunt (1991, p. 185) attest s the absence seizure of words would have provided a gap which takes intelligence and imagination to binge as would the absence of pictures working together, both serve their purpose. Jane Doonan expresses the importance that pictures berate for themselves and not simply reinforce the words and this notion is the idea of the picture book versus that of the illustrated story.Moebius (1986, p.132) articulateds that in the picture book, we read the paradigms and text together as the mutually complementary story of consciousness with the story behind the image often supplied by the illustrator. He expresses certainty that picture books are like any form of literature the structure is not accidental or reasonless phenomena. Every word and every brush stroke have a purpose. Edmund Evans pioneered the total design of the picture book, making it a single cohesive mechanism rather than simply some text with some pictures.This wave-particle duality can be seen in The Giant trounce Sandwi ch in which most of the scenes depict the entire town. The moral of the story is less to do with the nuisance of wasps and more about community spirit and working together. For this reason, John Vernon Lord has ensured that the majority of the colourful scenes incorporate most of the town, each doing their short letter from the small girl with pigtails heaving one small jar of stymy along to the man crouching, trying to get a photograph of the dinero transportation for posterity. It is these tiny details that engage the child sentence after time as well as the adult. John Vernon Lord criticises his own work in his lecture, however, claiming with hindsight I feel that the colour scheme choose for these pictures is too similar throughout the book and it is with ceaseless variation and brisk images that a child becomes entranced.However, the pictures do not have to be interfering to be stimulating. Rosies Walk employs seemingly simplistic illustrations and, although attention is paid to the background action, the focus is far more on the fox and the hen. These two characters are at the forefront of most of the scenes with the occasionally cameo from characters, such as the goat, who lounge in the background. This, like in The Giant Jam Sandwich, mimics the content of the clean which is very self-contained about Rosies movements. She does not engage with the other characters and uncomplete does the text.The style is also much more fantastical with the large magnified ears of the fox and the bold use of colour contrasts. The vibrant yellows and pinks clash in the most aesthetically pleasing way which provides visual stimulation for the child. They are unusual colour combinations, new and intriguing. Similarly, the bulbous trees are decorated with apples in regimented lines rather than the natural sporadic scattering the fine line between faithful interpretations of familiar images with fantasy has been beautifully encapsulated.Furthermore The relentle ss Cow, by H.E. Todd and Val Biro, adopt all the muted browns of a bucolic paradise. Of the trio books, this is the most realistic in style as The Giant Jam Sandwich shies from too much facial detail with the concentration being on large, busy scenes. Biro specializes in detail from the tread of the tractor tyres to the mane of the horse although allows the background foliage to blur into rural tranquility. Strangely, however, despite being the most visually naturalistic, its content is perhaps the most unorthodox covering, as it does, the ailments of a barking cow who is cured by sitting in some nettles. However, in The Sick Cow, although the pictures beautifully capture the provincial scenery, they do essentially illustrate the text. There is no sense, as Moebius (1986, p.137) demands, of the unseen over the seen as with Rosies Walk. The same could, perhaps, be said of The Giant Jam Sandwich the battle being that, in the latter, there is simply lots to see.Fisher (2005, p. 192 ) rallies the benefits of exposing children to pictures as art can help assimilation by developing perceptual sensitivity and discrimination through the study of form, colour, shape and texture. This suggests that the blurring in The Sick Cow or the vibrancy of The Giant Jam Sandwich could provide stimulation which specifically develops the academic capacity of the child.Pat Hutchins, author of Rosies Walk, is also responsible for The House That Sailed Away and Im the King of the Castle and separate Plays for Children which are far wordier examples of childrens literature, set out as plays. Blythe (2005, p.82) notes that encouraging children to articulate is crucial for development as vocal experience supports learning by incorporating language into the self. Similar encouragement can be seen in the direct speech in The Giant Jam Sandwich as well as the animal noises in The Sick Cow. Learning is believed to be authentic through the senses and thus books which encourage verbal inte raction are practiced as are picture books which engage the visual sense.In addition to art and vocal experience, medicament is considered to be a powerful motherfucker in mental well being and learning demonstrating that stimulus is not restricted to literature alone. It can be found in a number of artistic prosecutions. Tame (1984) outlines Dr. Tartchanoffs scientific studies into the effect of euphony noting that music exercises a powerful influence on muscular activity sounds are dynamogenic and the tempo of rock music, for example, can be perverting to the digestive system. This physical manifestation is seconded by Blythe (2005, p. 82) who covers the neurological changes when people sing or tattle as a groupthe central nervous system activity becomes synchronous stress hormones decrease, muscle tension decreases, more oxygen enters the system. They feel high have a certain clarity of look and sometimes physical visionTaking into account the reading aloud together aspec t of picture books which, according to this research, stimulates the brain for physical well-being as well as the work on sensual learning, the picture book is potentially an essential learning tool.Taking this idea further, the lyrical genius of many picture books should also be noted. For example, The Giant Jam Sandwich employs strict couplet rhyme schemeBap gave the instructions for the making of the dough. miscellany the flour from above and yeast from below. Salt from the seaside, water from the spout. Now circumvent it Bump it Bang it aboutEven if this technique is not like a shot mentioned to the child, it is instilling knowledge of rhythm into their subconscious. This could influence a love of music which, according to Dr. Tartchanoff, could be beneficial depending on the genre. If it developed into a exasperation for group singing then Blythe certainly notes the increased potential for learning, molding the mind to a relaxed state of peace and readiness. If nothing e lse, the verse makes the story flow and engages the senses which child would not enjoy joining in with those imperatives?In the pursuit of sensual stimulation, The Very Hungry Caterpillar can be seen to attack the visual sense and that of touch. The thick pages display the holes through which the caterpillar has eaten. The child can poke fingers through the gap and feel as if the story is unraveling before their eyes. This is a very tame example compared to the unexampled books which employ sound effects and fluffy bits. Where does it end? Books on which the child can have a nibble? Perhaps the sight of reading itself is being lost in favour of instant gratification as is the nature of our society. One must question if this matters as long as children are being engaged in literature in some way. And whose face did not light up at the sight of a pop-up book? Making learning fun and interactive is no new phenomena and should not necessarily be seen as threatening. Peter Hollindale ( 1997, p.75) has faith that children take from a story what they want and need so perhaps our constant manipulation of sensual stimulation is futile. Some children may simply be predisposed to reading and others not regardless of whether books have pictures. It may simply be a case of nurturing existing talent by orient learning to the demands of the individual child.Protheroe (1992, p.48-49) has further concerns that picture books can be detrimental to the development of a childs storehouse. She argues that it has long been established that in human language lexical usage involves a link between a attribute and a concept, not a symbol and referent (p.73). She cites that Bower and Winzenz conducted tests which linked memory to active discovery and depiction. Although there is a school of thought which rejects the idea that picture books stunt imagination, Bower and Winzenzs findings cannot be dismissed. Picture books work on the principle of memory familiarity. One of the aims, a s well as general stimulus, is to provide the child with a word and an image which they can link in their brain so that the word and its meaning will be easier to retain. Bower and Winzenz suggest that by depriving the child the in-person image creation, the link with their memory will be broken. Word and picture association is a common way to strengthen memory retention as is repetition or the use of active imagination applying a personal image to what the word signifies to you. There are many recommended revision techniques because memory works differently from person to person and thus Protheroe may be right in some cases but it seems prudent to assume that picture association will also help some children when learning to read. afterward such lengthy discussion about the importance of stimulating and move on the knowledge of a child comes Alfred Adler (1998, p.181) and his opinion to coerce the simplicity of childrens books. He recognises that to try and accelerate the learnin g of a child at a young age can be counter-productive All mentally stodgy pulp ought to be kept out of childrens reading until they have reached a certain age of maturity. Unsuitable literature may either be misunderstood, or it may throttle developing social interest. piece of music Protheroe flies the flag for interpretation, Adler highlights the potential pitfalls of such a stance the risk of misunderstanding leading to fear or alienation. And perhaps Adler highlights an interesting come out about the aging process. Betty Friedan (1993, p. 50 p.74) explains that social research has indicated that those who show the most tenacity in holding on to the values they developed in childhood were most susceptible to mental instability later in life. This links with Freuds theories of the importance of childhood and the in which people develop much of their personality very rapidly in childhood and subsequent changes in adulthood are often no more than superficial. By go up this proc ess even more by presenting children with increasingly complex literature before they have reached that certain age of maturity that Adler alludes to, children might develop too quickly before they are ready to understand the ramifications thus putting them in a vulnerable psychological position in their adult years. Conversely, if Freuds theories about the importance of childhood development are to be subscribed to, it would also be dangerous to stunt a childs knowledge and understanding at such a crucial time in their psychological growth. As Moebius (1986) notes, the picture book should be continue as the last frontier of innocence and, as such, should not be corrupted by being held under excessive scrutiny. In the pursuit of literacy the importance of stimulus must be stressed.An active brain will promote literacy or, at least, a thirst for education whether that is artistic, mathematical or scientific. Literacy is achieved through developing children with a healthy relationship with books, whether they grow up to read Crime and Punishment or with a penchant for mill and Boone to implement a literary hierarchy would be a inference of snobbery and artistic ignorance. Literacy is independent from the literary canon.Denying children colourful pictures also seems to suggest that visual art is not as valuable as literature which is similarly unbalanced. Children should learn that art is about equality and, although they can embrace their preferred medium, they should not discount other forms of expression or consider them inadequate. Combining literature with pictures demonstrates the way in which art forms can effectively interact. Art forms are not exclusive. Furthermore, if employing pictures to captivate a child also inexplicably entwines their mind with the text then, what is the harm?Many adults reserve a special place in their hearts for their childhood favourites from Noddy to The Very Jolly carrier from The Mr. Men books to The Velvetine Rabbit their love of reading may be pinpointed to these very affairs. It seems unfair to deny young readers of today these warm, fuzzy memories of bright ludicrous pictures and exciting colors for fear of patronising them. Children should be allowed to be children before the age of five rather than constantly pushing them to develop more rapidly if they are ready to advance then that could be nurtured on an individual basis. The fact is, with children, with people even, the way in which a mind works varies from person to person so it seems futile to prescribe an general right or wrong on picture books. The marriage of text and pictures will spark the imagination of some children while others will derive stimulation from constructing mud pies in the garden. Modern children should not be robbed of the colours of innocence even if the modern colours of innocence come in the form of The Tweenies.

Beauty in Hong Kong

Beauty in Hong KongIntroductionThe description of beauty is non something objective or immanent because battalion from antithetical place, age or social class may form its own standard of it. The rarified beauty is analogous with concourses aesthetic feeling at that respecting duration. In our modern society, human dead ashes is the one of the c fall away distinguished components used to determine the attractiveness or beauty of a person. further for sure, there is not a definite answer for an ideal organic structure showcase due to the pagan difference and historical discrepancy among countries and places. In this essay, discussion will focus on the ideal dead dead clay founts for workforce and wo hands in Hong Kong and how these ideal body types be shaped by quid media, technology and medicine. Besides, based on Sandra Bartkys findings, impact of body adjustment on individuals will be analyzed.Ideal body type in Hong KongAs Hong Kong was ruled by Britain in the last century, it is at the cultural border between traditional Chinese and western floriculture. Possessing this unique perception, Hong Kong definition of ideal body type is a mix.Ideal body type for menMuscularity is undoubtedly one of the criteria for ideal body type for men in Hong Kong. It is usually represented by strong muscular arms, a grand firm chest, a slim waist and board shoulders which ar found to be alluring to distaff. Waist-to-chest ratio would be one of the indicator for men to train up their body. The smaller the ratio, the more muscle is backbreaking on the upper part of the body and abdomen, generally considered as V-shape. In the eyes of most fe staminate, it is considered as a perfect body shape. At the same time, a sporty and athletic feeling will be delivered, giving others a message that this person is healthy and self-disciplined. With the masculine body, fe priapic retrieves the person has the ability to nurture her and feels safer. Thus, men w ith a muscular body is so attracting in Hong Kong.Height also plays an important role on the ideal body type in Hong Kong. It is often measured by the volume height index (VHI). harmonize to the research done by Hong Kong Polytechnic University1, VHI alone croup explain ca. 73% of the variance of male body attractiveness ratings. The optimal VHI will be at 17.6 l m2 and 18.0 l m2 for female raters and male raters, respectively. It shows that for men who are muscular, it would be better to be taller due to their boastfully volume. One of the reasons behind is that most female would like to have a male partner taller than her, feeling that the man should be able to protect her.Ideal body type for womenInfluenced by the western culture, people believe that women ideal body shape should be slim. So they might bear on keeping fit as a mission or a life-long goal. The thinner they are, the more attractive their body shape. The perception of beauty can be measured by waist-to-height rat io, which is an important determinant. Generally, the Ideal waist circuit = height x 0.382. Moreover, they perceive thinness as a take of independence, strength and accomplishment, which implicated that they are fashionable. The attraction for a proportionate body also affects an appeal for erect posture.Apart from the body mass, women with large, firm and bilaterally symmetric breasts are considered as attractive as well. Some studies show that most men enjoy the sight of female breasts.2 According to the findings from the New Zealands University of Wellington, men constantly spent more time looking at the breasts of female posed in front of them and showed more fascination on females breasts than their head. This culture has penetrated Hong Kong thoroughly, leading a proliferation of medical manipulation center provided with chest implant surgery.Affected by traditional Chinese culture, men in Hong Kong consider long hips and firm buttocks as sexually attractive body type, whi ch indicates a better ability of fertility. Also, wide buttocks of women are a strong implication to men that she is real much capable of reproduction. On the other hand, women with wide hips are particularly more tempting to man when they are walking due to their oscillation buttocks, even if the women do not meant to shake it. It can be seen that large buttocks are really important to determine the attractiveness of women in the perspective of cultural and sexual sense.Perpetuation of the concept for body typePeople are not born with an innate sense of what is graceful or not. They learn some cultural and social standards through a process of socialization. These beauty standards are cultural creations.Mass mediaFrom a very(prenominal) young age, children start to learn what is most valuable in their culture for sex through mass media. By watching cartoons, they learn that girls should be princesses dressed in pink tiaras with a slim body, while boys should be princes who ar e muscular, tall and able to protect their partners with their strong arms. Being instilled these value at such an early age, it is not surprising to see that the definition for beauty has changed, focusing on the body shape of people.On pinnacle of the early inculcation, the mass media is doing a remarkable job of making people feel badly about themselves. Through advertisement in different channels, such as free-to-air TV broadcasting, radio and so on, the ideal body types for men and women are presented to the public. These advertisement bombard people with these ideal images by repeatedly brain-washing, internalizing peoples cultural values and ideals of appearance. By then, people become more dissatisfied with themselves3. The purpose of the mass media is to create body dissatisfaction, leading people to spend enormous amounts of money, time, and energy to fix the flaws.Besides, the stain media, such as magazines, reinforces the notion of the ideal male and female bodies thro ugh constant barrage of slender, scantily clad women and muscular half-naked men. As people, especially youngsters, in Hong Kong give lots of reliability and credibility to many of the democratic magazines. They read them every day, using them as signifiers of what is cool and hot. According to the findings from Benjie Achtenberg Macalester College4, students mentioned in their journals that they read the magazines and enjoy seeing the images because their favorite celebrities were featured. It shows that print media is prestigious which acts as a platform to perpetuate the aforementioned ideal body types for men and women.TechnologyWith the advancement of technology, more weight loss methods are introduced. For example, non-invasive surgery, such as CoolSculpting office5 is invented to freeze away patients expounds and reduce the number of fat cells in the treated areas. Unlike weight loss surgery this procedure is lasting longer and safer because once the fat cells are eliminat ed, they are kaput(p) for good. Apart from that, gastric bypass is a surgery that also helps lose weight by minimizing the stomach and small intestine. Undoubtedly, the innovation and advancement in technology can bring a safer and better experience for people to reduce weight. It will therefore attract more people to result a slim body shape under the improvement. These social standards are gradually implanted to people, internalizing their thoughts.MedicineHong Kong people, as an Asian, usually have an blown-up masseter muscle, one of the chewing muscles, causing a squaring of the facial shape. To maintain an ideal V-shaped face, it is popular for people to undergo Botox injections. It shows that the more medicine is obtainable for maintaining a perfect body shape, the more people would do so due to the easier access to modern beauty.1 http//rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1560/219.short2 http//www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/2845918/Men-have-an-eye-for-womens-breas ts3 http//www.jeatdisord.com/content/1/1/144 https//www.macalester.edu/educationreform/actionresearch/Achtenberg.pdf5 http//www.coolsculpting.com/the-coolsculpting-procedure/what-is-the-coolsculpting-procedure/

Tourism Industry in the Mauritius

phaetonry Industry in the MauritiusChapter 1 foundation garment1.0 Introduction tourerry was the third keyst mavin of the Mauritian thriftiness later on the E.P.Z.(export requireing z angiotensin converting enzyme) manu situationuring firmament and Agriculture. It has contri stilled signifi stick outtly to stinting mature workforcet and has been a cite n unitythelesstor in the overall(a) organic evolution of Mauritius since the historic period 1995 onwards. In the yester grade ii tens touring car arrivals amplificationd at an second- assess annual rate of 9 % with a corresponding maturation of active(predicate) 21% in touristry receipts. Tourist arrivals start out been turn outing consequently, therefrom raise from 103,000 in 1977 to 656,450 in two hundred0, a a great deal than 600% augment. About 67% of the tourist arrivals atomic summate 18 of europiuman origin, with France supplying approximate half. The nearby Reunion French Territory is th e more(prenominal) than(prenominal) or less Coperni hindquarters get resolve to haul root brass market place accounting for slightly 13% of total tourist arrivals. Asian residents provided 6% of tourist arrivals, al whatso eer half of which originated from the Indian Sub-Continent.The bena Travel and touristry council (WTTC) give tongue to that plump and touristry was estimated at 9.3 % in 2010 and is expected to educate up to 9.7% by 2020. This sum up pass on help to create an excess 66 one thou good sense million jobs by 2020, in which 50 million jobs should be created in Asia and whence help to reduction world poverty. The massiveer-term prospects for Travel touristry remain positive, boosted by rising prosperity in Asia. The WTTC remains sure radixed that the Travel and touristry manufacture exit remain a changing force for wealth and job creation all over the world.The tourism intentness does non cease to grow despite the occupations that it has encountered in the prehistorical classs, nearly(prenominal)(prenominal) as the credit crunch, terrorism, unvarying increasing accelerator pedal prices and the illustrious avian flu (bird flu). The World tourism formation (WTO) invokes that tourism retrieve strongly in 2010 accord to the Advance Release of the unite Nations World tourism Organisation (UNWTO). Tourist arrivals were up by just about 7% to 935 million, following the 4% nevertheless up in 2009 the year hardest hit by the ball-shaped frugal crisis (http//www.unwto.org)Tourism has execute atomic number 53 of the conclusi unaccompanied fundamental pillar and the approximately r all the self in truth(prenominal)(prenominal)ue generating activity in umteen pocket-size island develop raises. It has run low the source of job creation and r tear eat upue for mild islands inhabitants. A deepen in the tourism demand for an island whitethorn beat a major move on the Gross Domestic inter section (total value of healthys and function produced in a bena during a certain(p) period of cartridge holder, commonly one year), the budget and the proportionality of Payments.Most baseborn islands baffle espoexercising tourism overdue to a lack of schooling opportunities. The death of the 20th century marked the beginning of the tourism as the main pillar of secondary islands economies (Bonte 2006), as it is the look for Mauritius. In heavy(p) vocalism, islands and cruises incur be keep down the most wanted holiday for tourists (Harrison, 2004). Tourism is a mean to pull in sparing culture and economic growth, precisely is overly a tr finale to destroy its resources (Bonte, 2006). The Barcelona field lease (2006) severalizes that it is non whole necessary to carry out tourism demands, solely excessively to cater for its fixed phylogeny. Indeed, tourism does non fork over alone positive reachs, but does create adverse effect on the envir onment and on the horde community. The development of spunky up loudness tourism facilities without adequate consideration to pret block ups, has created umpteen tourism disasters (Smith and Edington 1992). Aooay (2003) states that tourism is non only dreaming landscapes on postcards, the aff fit truthfulness is distinguishable bm of world and dis awaitance of topical anaesthetic savoir f disseminatee, begging, prostitution, folkorisation of cultures and rituals.Tourism has suffered from safe health crises including the foot and mouth dioceanse in 2001in United Kingdom, the exhausting acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003 and the bird flu that started to expand in June 2002 (www.who.int.csr/severe acute respiratory syndrome/en). Tourism has also been force by some(prenominal)(prenominal) vivid disasters including earthquakes, flooding, fantastical fires, hurri whips and the most devastating Tsunami in December 2004 which caused more or less 2 clx xx00 deaths and to this day, other inwrought calamities, was one still having a signifi fuelt wedge upon the tourist endeavour and the tourism assiduity cosmopolitan.It is a fact, non that in voice communication but also visually that the edulcorate nominatee perseverance is quickly world replaced by tourism activities. However since Mauritius is altogether banking on the tourism labor for economic revenue enhancement, the question is what could happen to Mauritius if the tourism sector precept a rapid dec or even an imminent death. one and only(a) need to bear in mind that Mauritius is not the lonesome(prenominal) farming rough the world offering this eccentric person of out tramp and the fact that Mauritius is fit(p) very far from the targeted market combined with an increase in air f atomic number 18 or/and tourism banes or even born(p) calamities, what on a lower floorside be done so that the future coevals in likeness to tourism development does not become black. This break dissertation tries to overcompensate the heterogeneous issues that could cause the death of tourism if not remedied1.1 Problem line of reasoningMauritius is a flyspecker island in the Indian Ocean. The islands most important revenue in the 1980s was sugar give the sacke cosmos exported to European Countries. directly it relies more practically than not on the tourism sector and tourism is be considered as its main pillar. The tourism intentness is in fact a very young one, having emerged only in the last decade in numerous an(prenominal) countries of the world.History has shown that tourism and its development study impacted in some ways, on anything and everyone that is has touched. Ideally, these impacts should be positive in wrong of benefits to wrong and their residents but on the other side of the coin, this is not always the case. concord to Leonard A. Jackson (2006), local packs rebellion, environmental defames, cultural int imacy atomic number 18 sizable mannequins of oppose impacts of tourism. carbohydrate cane fields ar at one time macrocosm replaced by sassyborn projects such(prenominal) as the Integrated Resort schema of Tamarina and Bagatelle at Pailles, catering for the tourism sector.This present work is being done in order to tumble the threats to tourism, its weaknesses and eventually try to prise whether the tourism application bequeath nerve an annihilate same the Sri Lanka whose Balance of Payment was in deficit subsequently the tourism injections in the economy fell after the war started between the Government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers)1.2 AimThe determination of this present study is to assess whether the tourism perseverance in Mauritius could face a possible end.1.3 ObjectivesIn line with the bother statement and the motor of this work, the following objectives were formulatedIdentify the importance of the tourism sector in Mauritiu s and the latters dependency on it.To Identify the threats to the tourism manufacturing and its impacts on that point on.To several(prenominal)ise the threats that argon relevant to Mauritius and its tourism sedulousness.To assess whether Mauritius is at encounter of those threats.To find possible ways of mitigating those impacts.1.4 Reoceanrch structureThe study was classified into variant chapters with the following purposesChapter 1- IntroductionTo introduce the subject, to define the problem, aims and objectives of the look for and abstract the different chapters.Chapter 2- Literature ReviewTo give a picture account of precedent research made in the field of threats to the tourism sector concentrating on diminutive island developing states.Chapter 3- Saving the tourism industryTo analyse the strengths of clear islands and the brokers that whitethorn save the tourism industry.Chapter 4- MethodologyTo outline the main run taken to carry out this present research, providing exposit on the type of study used, its advantages and disadvantages, the questions set for interviewing targeted respondents and the limits to the study.Chapter 5- Data analysis and findingsTo analyse and discuss the conclusions take fored from respondentsChapter 6- end and recommendationsTo summarise the most important findings and to bring an end to the study and from the anterior chapters to suggest any possible actions that could be considered in the near future.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.0 A worldwide opinion of the tourism industry.Shorter running(a) hours, greater case-by-case prosperity, faster and less overpriced travel, and the impact of travel technology has all helped to mold the leisure and tourism industry the sudden developing industry in the world (Edgell, Sr., 1990).Tourism has become a flourishing industry in the twentieth century, where terms mostly rely on their rude(a) and some manmade resources to make up their tourism industry. I t is straightaway a principal element for economic development and growth. jibe to Lim (1997) and Crouch (1996), the economic impact of tourism has rendered the tourism industry to be considered as one of the most highly significant and integral separate of every bailiwick economy. Whilst the economic impact and the contribution of the tourism industry to a pastoral is widely acknowledged, it is also an industry which creates thousands of jobs and a source of foreign turn earnings. Let alone the positive benefits, it is also an industry that brings along legion(predicate) an(prenominal) nix impacts on host communities.2.1 Threats to the tourism industry2.1.1 CompetitionRecently, galore(postnominal) countries abide constantly been competing for tourism. One possible firstborn approach to the commentary of contestation is to consider competition a process of resources distribution (Loch et al. 2001). In a market, the population, firms, organisations, industries forget t end to use only the very forgetful resources to stay alive in a co operation market, but will make utilisation of full resources when they atomic number 18 in an essential competitive market. Competition is also highly chthonianage on the accessibility of resources and the number of individuals, firms and organisations who wish to exploit those resources, but as the fundamental economic problem states, wants be unlimited but resources are scarce, thus individual tend to exploit the resources more that they should. This will outgrowth in the nation being suffering as declared by Bahn and Flenley(1992) the rise of competition can lead to such a catastrophic imbalance that the final examination consequence might be the extinction of the universe and the tourism industry as a whole.Competition should not only be seen as a way of boosting a market but if the competition is not thoroughly managed or even if policies with regards to competition are not clear, in that location whitethorn be a proliferation of tourism activities which could be to the detriment of the host community. For example the growth of hotels on the coast lines whitethorn prove to be beneficial to a sylvans economy in the short term and long term if managed straitlacedly. However, if there are no proper guidelines on competition, it can become a nightmare for countries as host communities could feel alienated.2.1.2 increase petrol pricesThe first months of 2008 witnessed the considerable increase in oil prices where it reached a record price of $ carbon per barrel. Prices were predicted to increase to cxl$ in June 2008 (BBC, 2008). This continuous increase in the year 2008 was due to the increase demand for travelling (according to the law of demand, as demand increases, price increases) because of orbiculateization and increase in travelling resulting from an increase in the number of people, firms and organisations compliments to exploit resources. Moreover, the increase in price of petrol has caused an increase in tickets for travelling. An increase in air fares pee-pee caused a peg in the tourist arrival. hence one can affirm that the increasing petrol prices whitethorn be one of the threats to the tourism industry because it is linked with the increase in petrol prices and an increase in air fares.2.1.3 Criminality rate, drama and neighborly factorsNtuli(1998) describe crime as a universal mixer phenomenon in that it threatens the gum elastic and gage of the people, property, their sense of well being, as well as social order.The case of Mrs. Harte being killed in her hotel board at the Legends Hotel, for a putschle of dollars, when being on honey moon, is one which may be verbalize to be unforgiveable. Mauritius is a famous worldwide known destination for weddings and honey moons. This crime is damaging for its tourism industry. This intelligence service was broadcasted a some hours only after the crime had been affiliated, on sever al channels under the Breaking News titles and had it Murdered honeymooner Michaela McAreavy (Harte) was stifled over a purse containing a small amount of stir.(www. new(a)s.sky.com). This was broadcasted around the world and Mauritians were briefly pointed out in lots of countries. The phrases of the hubby inspire more sadness saying She was my life. The media was very quick at propagating the mischievousness news and pestilential press and such advancement is not what a tourism destination wants. This act is in fact one of the greatest threat to the Mauritians tourism industry. Tourists who were forecasting to getting matrimonial in Mauritius take aim surely cancelled their reservations as curtly schooling about this disaster spread around the whole world and this is witnessed in Ntuli (2000) who plant that nowadays, crimes committed against tourist is becoming more and more detrimental to the tourism industry of a destination.As mentioned earlier, and support by Gi ddens (1990) who stated that crimes committed to travellers has an impact on many categories of people, because a ostracize detection of tourists at a destination is often makeuped in the media or even tourist themselves to friends and families and this causes a negative word of mouth being spread as it is tangiblely the case for the death of Mrs Harte. The host realm will thus be badly marketed and tourist arrivals will decline as supported by Ntuli (2000).On the other hand, in a hardly a(prenominal) countries similar Bahamas, the heads of states judge that even if the wrong rate is a worry to many Bahamians, it is not a threat to tourism, according to an positive at the U.S. Embassy in Nassau (www.jonesbahamas.com). Dr Hardt, from the US embassy stated that there is now more than 200 police officers are now available to check crimes on tourists and that the new priorities catch been stretched out concerning those crimes. From the above, one can say that crimes may not be an imminent threat to the tourism industry, provided that there is enough security officers and aims and objectives set. gambling is often viewed as a plugger for the economy of a orbit because usually the positive impacts of gabling outweighs the negative ones(Stokowski, 1996). some(prenominal) studies such as Perdue, et al.(1995), Roehl(1994) suggest that shimmer is profitable to a country because it generates a high profitability and contributes in job creation and a revenue for the organization in terms of taxes.On the other hand, Tosun(2002) put in that gambling results in crimes and social disruption and usually creates very bad do for the country as a whole. Studies showing the negative cyclorama of gambling are various, such as Caneday et al.(1991) and Stokowski(1996). Thus the negative results from gambling should not be forgotten. Prostitution and tourists attacks result from gambling. People find that tourists are a cash cow and attack them and stealing their b elongings so as to have silver to gamble because gambling is like a drug. Prostitution is also generated from gambling. It is such that where the tourism industry is developing, those countries do have a good proportion of its population with very low income and tourists are seen as stated above , cash cows. Hence prostitution is the result of poor economic development and an easy way of making currency and tourists have the expending power to such activity but it is important to note that most tourists do not like gambling and seing people prostituting themselves give them a sense of unsafe surroundings and disgust. This has an adverse impact on word of mouth spreading. An example of the negative impacts of gambling is the state of Nevada in the United States where it depends a lot on gambling. The statistics for this state are astonishing. This state is the one which has the highest number of road accident, suicide and criminality rate (Vaknin, 2007).Gambling is related to cri minality rate according to Vaknin(2007). When one talks about gambling, one may understand crimes, addiction, drug and accidents. Those impacts should be carefully monitored even if gambling brings more than economic development for a country (Perdue et al 1995).Drug usance and thefts are also becoming common nowadays in Mauritius. Thousands of complaints are lodged at police stations concerning thefts and in this context, many tourists are attacked for their money or valuable belongings. Drug intake make more and more individual go on stealing to obtain their doses and such social factors should be tackled in order to prevent the end of tourism in Mauritius.2.1.4 Political imbalance, civil wars, riots and demonstrationsPolitical asymmetry is a situation where a governing has been toppled, or is controlled by factions following a coup, or where basic functional pre-requisites for social-order control and maintenance are fallacious and periodically disrupted. (Cook, 1990). Wils on(1996), on the other hand, defines a static country as if the regime is durable, emphasis and turmoil are limited, and the leaders stay in office for several years. The link between policy-making violence and instability in pressure group et al.(1996) definition of semi policy-making instability as a situation in which conditions and mechanisms of governance and rule are scrapd as to their semi policy-making legitimacy by elements operating from outside of the normal operations of the political system. When challenge occurs from inside a political system and the system is able to adjust and change to meet demands on it, it can be express to be abiding Challenging in order to govern a country or even those who do not follow the actual political system is often solved by violence political violence. Thus political instability and political violence are both words that can be used as synonyms.Lancaster(1971) states that tourists enjoy many different advantages that a desti nation offers, rather than sticking to only one advantage. Tourists can and will shift easily to another destination unless the attractions to that country are rummy in the world. In other words, a tourist will go to a destination for its sea, sun and sand like it is the case for Mauritius and may shift destination if he wants unless there is only those 3s in Mauritius but it is not the case because Maldives, Seychelles offer nearly the same tourism product.Richter and Waugh(1986) state that tourism is frequently an early casualty of internecine warfare, revolution, or even prolonged labour disputes. Even if the tourist areas are secure () tourism may decline precipitously when political conditions appear unsettled. Tourists simply carry alternative destinations. Taking the above example, even if Mauritius offered the rummy sea, sun and sand in the world, tourism in Mauritius will be hurt if there is political violence. This shows to what close political instability may cause th e end of the tourism industry in Mauritius such as the case of Egypt which late with severe political violence resulting in its tourism industry falling drastically.Richter and Waugh(1989) argued that tourism is for sure a political phenomenon it will decrease sharply when political circumstance turns unstable. In 1994 manor hall published his nurse Tourism and Political Science where he asserts that stable politics is a must for attracting international tourists, even the decisive factor for the successful development of tourism (Hall, 1994).In case of political violence, tourism being a sensitive product and therefore tourists arrivals will outride to go down for a long period of time. Tourists will only come support to this particular country only when he has eradicated this persuasion of violence from his mind, but it might take many years. Countries with a negative image due to past events of violence often attempt to mend their image with in-your-face advertising ca mpaigns trying to portray themselves as entirely safe destinations (Snmez et al.1999). Scott(1988) showed the huge work done by tourism government together with travel agents and tour operators to redress the country of Fiji where there was two military coups on tourism. Teye(1986) and Richter and Waugh (1986) state that the effects of political violence or instability on tourism is likely to have a cat over effects on surrounding countries but Hall and OSullivan(1996) found that both the Solomon Islands and northwestern Queensland, found near Fuji, said that they were safe regional alternatives compared to the military coup in Fiji. (See appendix A)Many obligates have examined the impact of war on tourism. Most of them have shown that war has a negative impact in the short run (Radnic, 1999, Mihalic, 1996). In the long run, wars may have a positive impact in the sense that tourists are attracted to a destination to see the scenes of war (Weaver, 2000). To measure the impact of war, one may use the number of overnight stays, beds or tourists, but experts have not act to measure the economic impact resulting from a fall in tourism. Wars can increase the perception of a tourist in the risk that he undergoes while choosing a destination.Hostilities, demonstrations and acts of violence, for example between the Palestinians and Israelis, have often deter tourists from berateing Israel for the past 40 years. Besides, Israel is located in the centre of the philia East, tourists tend to avoid visiting this country during every period of crisis in the surroundings.Riots are also one of those factors which can put an end to the tourism Industry. The case of Tunisia may be taken for example. part most Tunisians were celebrating the victory president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the countrys tourism industry witnessed a massive negative impact from the riots and tourists had to be evacuated of the country. While President Ben Ali was a totalitarian leader, tourists from Europe and the Arab world kept streaming to the country at an ever-increasing rate. Only few of the arrivals even know that Tunisia was a dictatorship even if they came year after year (www.getafespain.com). With the state of emergency declared in Tunisia, and with the unclear political situation after the fall of President Ben Ali, government of Spain, Switzerland, Germany and Norway have issued messages not to travel to Tunisia and this of course included tourist trips (Bernama-Afrolnews, 2011). This shows to what extent riots can have such an influence on the tourism industry.In Mauritius, such riots were witnessed in 1999 with the death of the famous singer Kaya. The capital of Mauritius, interface Louis, was forced to close down for a few days and demonstrators had obstruct major roadstead burned about 200 vehicles and attacked police stations. It degenerated to nearly become a racial dispute where young Creole men were fighting against Hindu people. Such an tragedy cau sed the economy of Mauritius to operate on a go slow basis. Such news were broadcasted internationally for much more than the term of the riots. Businessmen became worried that their stock might go bankrupt because that instability could hit foreign investors (guardian.co.uk)2.1.5 Natural DisastersA inseparable disaster is a natural event with catastrophic consequences for living things in the vicinity. (www.encyclopedian.com).Natural forces will always be with us and tourism is a major sector of the world economy. The first mentioned is and will always be a challenge for the tourism industry. thitherfore, these two elements will continue to scat significant roles into the future. In the past these two elements have intersected and it is likely that they will again in the future. (Beattie, 1992).A natural disaster can affect tourism in the sense that it destroys the natural environment and the things which the industry relies on. There exists a close link between tourism and nat ural disasters as if there is a natural disaster, the industry may be destroyed. Tourism is an important part of many countries economy and in less economically developed countries such as those unnatural by the tsunami, on encase day of year 2004, whereby the affected countries relied on the tourism industrys services for living.normally a natural calamity makes the rate of tourists arrival fall, which results in a lack of tourist spending. Businesses suffer due to lack of money generated by tourism, local small businesses close, larger businesses are in agony, leading to closure of part of the business and jobs are lost.There are cases where natural disasters can increase tourism arrivals. In a strange manner, places that have been affected by natural disaster can become tourist attractions. Those places often become places of educational and historical interest and many people visit those areas or countries.An example of this is the village of Boscastle in United Kingdom. The village confront the worst ever flood in its history on sixteenth August 2004. A recorded 200.4mm of rain fell in good twenty tetrad hours causing a 3m torrent to flow through the village (www.docstoc.com/docs article factors affecting tourism natural calamities). everyplace 100 residents were rescued by air. 116 cars were swept through the village in the hold that particular day. It caused millions of pounds of damage to property and businesses. Following this, the small village was much on the media. later 2004, there were loads visitors which came from many places to visit the village, in such a way that accommodation became a problem because of massive number of people wanting to be accommodated.( Robyn et al.2010)The case of typhoons in the Philippines had more negative impacts on the concerned country. The typhoons named Ondoy and Pepeng have ravaged dramatically parts of the Philippines last year and have had a negative impact on tourism, as compared to the small village in the United Kingdom.Mauritius is a tropical island is frequently visited by cyclones but most of the times those create diminutive destruction to Mauritius. some tourists perceive those cyclones as an experience, but others perceive them as a natural factor preventing them from enjoying their stay. This may lead in guests cancelling their trips to Mauritius during the cyclonical seasons (November to May)2.1.6 Climate Change, planetary WarmingClimate change represents a new challenge for tourism. It is not, however, the case that tourisms initial position will undergo a sudden, radical change. Instead, mood change has to be viewed as a particle accelerator that will honour and accelerate the pace of structural change in the tourist industry and more clearly highlight the risks and opportunities inherent in tourist developments. (Elsasser,2002)Glaciers are melting, islands are drowning, wildlife is vanishing. Because of global heating, our most cherished vacation spots may so on cease to exist. And travellers are part of the problem (Tidwell, 2001)The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) declared that the warming of the humour system is unequivocal. The global average temperature has increased approximately by 0.76C between 1850-1899 and 2001-2005. The IPCC yet said that there was a more that 90% probability that the warming would increase in the coming years.Given the growing scientific data, my solicitude is were all going to wake up soon and find the places we go to sleep totally gone even in our lifetime, Mallet(2001). He further added that tourism and travel would mostly suffer with the rise of the sea aim by 2100 because it has been predicted that the water direct would rise by 3 feet by this time eradicating resort hotels, beaches, ports and coastal property. The IPCC states that the American coastline welcomes around 180 million inexpert visitors annually. The rise in sea level would be dramatic to those regions. Wall(2001) ex plains that Clearly, global warming is an issue the tourism industry must and I think will pay more and more solicitude to in the near future. Wall added that tourism is at risk and now all that the industry of tourism and travel can do is to prepare for and adapt to climate-related impacts which are already occurring. Taking the case of Mauritius, such rise in sea level will be drastic for resorts, because those hotels are rigid on the coast lines of Mauritius at maximum 3 metres above sea level. A rise in sea level by 3 feet will cause many of those resorts to mostly mellow and this could cause the end of tourism in Mauritius.Air travel and rapture alone, for example, add more than 500 million tons of CO2 to the Earths melodic line each year, according to the IPCC. And as people travel more, courtesy of ever-rising Hesperian affluence, the problem only gets worse. By 2050, a full 15 percentage of the worlds CO2 could come from travel and tourism, according to Green Globe 21. Tha quthor rear Berger even said that We are loving the planet to death. everywhere the years passage , many island nations have fought hard to be perceive in the international conferences about the effects of global warming on them. Some islands have already been lost in the Pacific, and the forecast is that many more will go in the coming decades, especially if cryptograph is done to run through greenhouse gas emissions globally. Now the case of the Caribbean islands should be closely studied.The Caribbean islands, take away Cuba and Haiti, are highly dependent on tourism, like Mauritius. Coastal development in the Caribbean for tourism is constantly increasing at a high rate despite a recent decline in tourism. In the Caribbean, tourism accounts for 15% of the gross domestic product, with high rates in many of its islands, and over 2.4 million jobs (about 16% of the local population). It has also pushed populations towards the coasts because of the various developments . For example, in the Dominican Republic, over 50% of the population lives near coasts where a 3 feet rise in sea level would make them being submerged.Recently, the Dominican government has received a report detailing that, under their estimates, sea-level will rise by 6 meters by 2050, eliminating the tourism industry and sending the country into complete chaos. The same would happen around the Caribbean. The fast development that the region is seeing may be all devastated by global warming, and the same case goes for much of the rest of the developing world. The outcome would be to put billions of people in situations of poverty, hunger, and violence.In terms of economic weaknesses, it was noted that small islands tend to have small economies, small land area and unfortunately do have a limitation of resources, meaning their economy relies on few essential exports like sugar and of course tourism.Furthermore, the small islands have low vindication to external shocks such as na tural disasters, political instability, terrorism, etc..(Harrison 2003, Hotiet al.2005). Briguglioer et al.(1996) identified environmental weaknesses which included the threat of sea level rise following global warming, and the location of small islands in relation to phenomena, such as cyclones, hurricanes and seismal activity which can lead to tsunamis and eradicate the tourism industry from a small island in a few minutes.Chapter 3 Saving the Tourism Industry3.0 Over reliance over the tourism industryDiversifiTourism Industry in the MauritiusTourism Industry in the MauritiusChapter 1 Introduction1.0 IntroductionTourism was the third pillar of the Mauritian economy after the E.P.Z.(export processing zone) manufacturing sector and Agriculture. It has contributed significantly to economic growth and has been a key factor in the overall development of Mauritius since the years 1995 onwards. In the past two decades tourist arrivals increased at an average annual rate of 9 % with a co rresponding increase of about 21% in tourism receipts. Tourist arrivals have been expanding consequently, thus rising from 103,000 in 1977 to 656,450 in 2000, a more than 600% increase. About 67% of the tourist arrivals are of European origin, with France supplying nearly half. The nearby Reunion French Territory is the most important short haul source market accounting for about 13% of total tourist arrivals. Asian residents provided 6% of tourist arrivals, almost half of which originated from the Indian Sub-Continent.The World Travel and Tourism council (WTTC) stated that travel and tourism was estimated at 9.3 % in 2010 and is expected to rise up to 9.7% by 2020. This increase will help to create an additional 66 million jobs by 2020, in which 50 million jobs should be created in Asia and hence help to decrease world poverty. The longer-term prospects for Travel Tourism remain positive, boosted by rising prosperity in Asia. The WTTC remains confident that the Travel and Tourism industry will remain a dynamic force for wealth and job creation all over the world.The tourism industry does not cease to grow despite the problems that it has encountered in the past years, such as the credit crunch, terrorism, continuous increasing petrol prices and the famous avian flu (bird flu). The World Tourism Organisation (WTO) states that tourism recovered strongly in 2010 according to the Advance Release of the United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO). Tourist arrivals were up by almost 7% to 935 million, following the 4% decline in 2009 the year hardest hit by the global economic crisis (http//www.unwto.org)Tourism has become one of the most important pillar and the most revenue generating activity in many small island developing states. It has become the source of job creation and revenue for small islands inhabitants. A change in the tourism demand for an island may have a major impact on the Gross Domestic Product (total value of goods and services produced in a country during a certain period of time, usually one year), the budget and the Balance of Payments.Most small islands have adopted tourism due to a lack of development opportunities. The end of the twentieth century marked the beginning of the tourism as the main pillar of small islands economies (Bonte 2006), as it is the case for Mauritius. In large part, islands and cruises have become the most wanted vacation for tourists (Harrison, 2004). Tourism is a mean to reach economic development and economic growth, but is also a way to destroy its resources (Bonte, 2006). The Barcelona field study (2006) states that it is not just necessary to satisfy tourism demands, but also to cater for its durable development. Indeed, tourism does not have only positive impacts, but does have adverse effects on the environment and on the host community. The development of high volume tourism facilities without adequate consideration to impacts, has created many tourism disasters (Smith and Edi ngton 1992). Aooay (2003) states that tourism is not only dreaming landscapes on postcards, the social reality is different movement of population and disappearance of local savoir faire, begging, prostitution, folkorisation of cultures and rituals.Tourism has suffered from serious health crises including the foot and mouth disease in 2001in United Kingdom, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003 and the bird flu that started to expand in June 2002 (www.who.int.csr/sars/en). Tourism has also been impacted by several natural disasters including earthquakes, flooding, wild fires, hurricanes and the most devastating Tsunami in December 2004 which caused around 218000 deaths and to this day, other natural calamities, was one still having a significant impact upon the tourist movement and the tourism industry worldwide.It is a fact, not only in words but also visually that the sugar cane industry is rapidly being replaced by tourism activities. However since Mauriti us is entirely banking on the tourism industry for economic revenue, the question is what could happen to Mauritius if the tourism sector saw a rapid decline or even an imminent death. One need to bear in mind that Mauritius is not the only country around the world offering this type of product and the fact that Mauritius is situated very far from the targeted market combined with an increase in air fare or/and tourism threats or even natural calamities, what can be done so that the future generation in relation to tourism development does not become black. This present dissertation tries to address the various issues that could cause the death of tourism if not remedied1.1 Problem StatementMauritius is a small island in the Indian Ocean. The islands most important revenue in the 1980s was sugar cane being exported to European Countries. Nowadays it relies mostly on the tourism sector and tourism is being considered as its main pillar. The tourism industry is in fact a very young on e, having emerged only in the last decade in many countries of the world.History has shown that tourism and its development have impacted in some ways, on everything and everyone that is has touched. Ideally, these impacts should be positive in terms of benefits to destinations and their residents but on the other side of the coin, this is not always the case. According to Leonard A. Jackson (2006), local peoples rebellion, environmental damages, cultural intimacy are good examples of negative impacts of tourism. Sugar cane fields are now being replaced by new projects such as the Integrated Resort scheme of Tamarina and Bagatelle at Pailles, catering for the tourism sector.This present work is being done in order to analyse the threats to tourism, its weaknesses and eventually try to evaluate whether the tourism industry will face an end like the Sri Lanka whose Balance of Payment was in deficit after the tourism injections in the economy fell after the war started between the Gove rnment and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Tigers)1.2 AimThe aim of this present study is to assess whether the tourism industry in Mauritius could face a possible end.1.3 ObjectivesIn line with the problem statement and the aim of this work, the following objectives were formulatedIdentify the importance of the tourism sector in Mauritius and the latters dependency on it.To Identify the threats to the tourism industry and its impacts there on.To identify the threats that are relevant to Mauritius and its tourism industry.To assess whether Mauritius is at risk of those threats.To identify possible ways of mitigating those impacts.1.4 Research structureThe study was classified into different chapters with the following purposesChapter 1- IntroductionTo introduce the subject, to define the problem, aims and objectives of the research and outline the different chapters.Chapter 2- Literature ReviewTo give a brief account of previous research made in the field of threats to t he tourism sector concentrating on small island developing states.Chapter 3- Saving the tourism industryTo analyse the strengths of small islands and the factors that may save the tourism industry.Chapter 4- MethodologyTo outline the main steps taken to carry out this present research, providing details on the type of study used, its advantages and disadvantages, the questions set for interviewing targeted respondents and the limitations to the study.Chapter 5- Data analysis and findingsTo analyse and discuss the results obtained from respondentsChapter 6- Conclusion and recommendationsTo summarise the most important findings and to bring an end to the study and from the previous chapters to suggest any possible actions that could be considered in the near future.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.0 A global perspective of the tourism industry.Shorter working hours, greater individual prosperity, faster and less expensive travel, and the impact of advanced technology has all helped to mak e the leisure and tourism industry the fastest growing industry in the world (Edgell, Sr., 1990).Tourism has become a flourishing industry in the twentieth century, where destinations mostly rely on their natural and some manmade resources to make up their tourism industry. It is nowadays a principal element for economic development and growth. According to Lim (1997) and Crouch (1996), the economic impact of tourism has rendered the tourism industry to be considered as one of the most highly significant and integral parts of every national economy. Whilst the economic impact and the contribution of the tourism industry to a country is widely acknowledged, it is also an industry which creates thousands of jobs and a source of foreign exchange earnings. Let alone the positive benefits, it is also an industry that brings along many negative impacts on host communities.2.1 Threats to the tourism industry2.1.1 CompetitionRecently, many countries have constantly been competing for touris m. One possible first approach to the definition of competition is to consider competition a process of resources distribution (Loch et al. 2001). In a market, the people, firms, organisations, industries will tend to use only the very little resources to stay alive in a co operation market, but will make utilisation of full resources when they are in an extreme competitive market. Competition is also highly dependent on the availability of resources and the number of individuals, firms and organisations who wish to exploit those resources, but as the basic economic problem states, wants are unlimited but resources are scarce, thus individual tend to exploit the resources more that they should. This will result in the population being suffering as stated by Bahn and Flenley(1992) the rise of competition can lead to such a catastrophic imbalance that the final consequence might be the extinction of the population and the tourism industry as a whole.Competition should not only be seen as a way of boosting a market but if the competition is not well managed or even if policies with regards to competition are not clear, there may be a proliferation of tourism activities which could be to the detriment of the host community. For example the growth of hotels on the coast lines may prove to be beneficial to a countrys economy in the short term and long term if managed properly. However, if there are no proper guidelines on competition, it can become a nightmare for countries as host communities could feel alienated.2.1.2 Increasing petrol pricesThe first months of 2008 witnessed the considerable increase in oil prices where it reached a record price of $100 per barrel. Prices were predicted to increase to 140$ in June 2008 (BBC, 2008). This continuous increase in the year 2008 was due to the increase demand for travelling (according to the law of demand, as demand increases, price increases) because of globalisation and increase in travelling resulting from an increa se in the number of people, firms and organisations wishing to exploit resources. Moreover, the increase in price of petrol has caused an increase in tickets for travelling. An increase in air fares have caused a fall in the tourist arrival. Thus one can say that the increasing petrol prices may be one of the threats to the tourism industry because it is linked with the increase in petrol prices and an increase in air fares.2.1.3 Criminality rate, gambling and social factorsNtuli(1998) described crime as a universal social phenomenon in that it threatens the safety and security of the people, property, their sense of well being, as well as social order.The case of Mrs. Harte being killed in her hotel room at the Legends Hotel, for a couple of dollars, when being on honey moon, is one which may be said to be unforgiveable. Mauritius is a famous worldwide known destination for weddings and honey moons. This crime is detrimental for its tourism industry. This news was broadcasted a fe w hours only after the crime had been committed, on several channels under the Breaking News titles and had it Murdered honeymooner Michaela McAreavy (Harte) was strangled over a purse containing a small amount of cash.(www.news.sky.com). This was broadcasted around the world and Mauritians were soon pointed out in lots of countries. The words of the husband inspire more sadness saying She was my life. The media was very quick at propagating the bad news and bad press and such publicity is not what a tourism destination wants. This act is in fact one of the greatest threat to the Mauritians tourism industry. Tourists who were forecasting to getting married in Mauritius have surely cancelled their reservations as soon information about this tragedy spread around the whole world and this is witnessed in Ntuli (2000) who found that nowadays, crimes committed against tourist is becoming more and more detrimental to the tourism industry of a destination.As mentioned earlier, and supporte d by Giddens (1990) who stated that crimes committed to travellers has an impact on many categories of people, because a negative perception of tourists at a destination is often reported in the media or even tourist themselves to friends and families and this causes a negative word of mouth being spread as it is actually the case for the death of Mrs Harte. The host country will thus be badly marketed and tourist arrivals will decline as supported by Ntuli (2000).On the other hand, in a few countries like Bahamas, the heads of states think that even if the criminality rate is a worry to many Bahamians, it is not a threat to tourism, according to an official at the U.S. Embassy in Nassau (www.jonesbahamas.com). Dr Hardt, from the US embassy stated that there is now more than 200 police officers are now available to prevent crimes on tourists and that the new priorities have been stretched out concerning those crimes. From the above, one can say that crimes may not be an imminent thr eat to the tourism industry, provided that there is enough security officers and aims and objectives set.Gambling is often viewed as a booster for the economy of a country because usually the positive impacts of gabling outweighs the negative ones(Stokowski, 1996). Several studies such as Perdue, et al.(1995), Roehl(1994) suggest that gambling is profitable to a country because it generates a high profitability and contributes in job creation and a revenue for the government in terms of taxes.On the other hand, Tosun(2002) found that gambling results in crimes and social disruption and usually creates very bad effects for the country as a whole. Studies showing the negative aspect of gambling are various, such as Caneday et al.(1991) and Stokowski(1996). Thus the negative results from gambling should not be forgotten. Prostitution and tourists attacks result from gambling. People find that tourists are a cash cow and attack them and stealing their belongings so as to have money to g amble because gambling is like a drug. Prostitution is also generated from gambling. It is such that where the tourism industry is developing, those countries do have a good proportion of its population with very low income and tourists are seen as stated above , cash cows. Hence prostitution is the result of poor economic development and an easy way of making money and tourists have the spending power to such activity but it is important to note that most tourists do not like gambling and seing people prostituting themselves give them a sense of unsafe surroundings and disgust. This has an adverse impact on word of mouth spreading. An example of the negative impacts of gambling is the state of Nevada in the United States where it depends much on gambling. The statistics for this state are astonishing. This state is the one which has the highest number of road accident, suicide and criminality rate (Vaknin, 2007).Gambling is related to criminality rate according to Vaknin(2007). Whe n one talks about gambling, one may understand crimes, addiction, drug and accidents. Those impacts should be carefully monitored even if gambling brings much economic development for a country (Perdue et al 1995).Drug intake and thefts are also becoming common nowadays in Mauritius. Thousands of complaints are lodged at police stations concerning thefts and in this context, many tourists are attacked for their money or valuable belongings. Drug intake make more and more individual go on stealing to obtain their doses and such social factors should be tackled in order to prevent the end of tourism in Mauritius.2.1.4 Political instability, civil wars, riots and demonstrationsPolitical instability is a situation where a government has been toppled, or is controlled by factions following a coup, or where basic functional pre-requisites for social-order control and maintenance are unstable and periodically disrupted. (Cook, 1990). Wilson(1996), on the other hand, defines a stable countr y as if the regime is durable, violence and turmoil are limited, and the leaders stay in office for several years. The link between political violence and instability in Hall et al.(1996) definition of political instability as a situation in which conditions and mechanisms of governance and rule are challenged as to their political legitimacy by elements operating from outside of the normal operations of the political system. When challenge occurs from within a political system and the system is able to adapt and change to meet demands on it, it can be said to be stable Challenging in order to govern a country or even those who do not follow the actual political system is often solved by violence political violence. Thus political instability and political violence are two words that can be used as synonyms.Lancaster(1971) states that tourists enjoy many different advantages that a destination offers, rather than sticking to only one advantage. Tourists can and will shift easily to another destination unless the attractions to that country are unique in the world. In other words, a tourist will go to a destination for its sea, sun and sand like it is the case for Mauritius and may shift destination if he wants unless there is only those 3s in Mauritius but it is not the case because Maldives, Seychelles offer nearly the same tourism product.Richter and Waugh(1986) state that tourism is frequently an early casualty of internecine warfare, revolution, or even prolonged labour disputes. Even if the tourist areas are secure () tourism may decline precipitously when political conditions appear unsettled. Tourists simply choose alternative destinations. Taking the above example, even if Mauritius offered the unique sea, sun and sand in the world, tourism in Mauritius will be hurt if there is political violence. This shows to what extent political instability may cause the end of the tourism industry in Mauritius such as the case of Egypt which recently through sever e political violence resulting in its tourism industry falling drastically.Richter and Waugh(1989) argued that tourism is for sure a political phenomenon it will decrease sharply when political circumstance turns unstable. In 1994 Hall published his book Tourism and Political Science where he asserts that stable politics is a must for attracting international tourists, even the decisive factor for the successful development of tourism (Hall, 1994).In case of political violence, tourism being a sensitive product and therefore tourists arrivals will continue to go down for a long period of time. Tourists will only come back to this particular country only when he has eradicated this idea of violence from his mind, but it might take many years. Countries with a negative image due to past events of violence often attempt to improve their image with aggressive advertising campaigns trying to portray themselves as entirely safe destinations (Snmez et al.1999). Scott(1988) showed the massi ve work done by tourism authorities together with travel agents and tour operators to redress the country of Fiji where there was two military coups on tourism. Teye(1986) and Richter and Waugh (1986) state that the effects of political violence or instability on tourism is likely to have a spill over effects on surrounding countries but Hall and OSullivan(1996) found that both the Solomon Islands and North Queensland, found near Fuji, said that they were safe regional alternatives compared to the military coup in Fiji. (See appendix A)Many articles have examined the impact of war on tourism. Most of them have shown that war has a negative impact in the short run (Radnic, 1999, Mihalic, 1996). In the long run, wars may have a positive impact in the sense that tourists are attracted to a destination to see the scenes of war (Weaver, 2000). To measure the impact of war, one may use the number of overnight stays, beds or tourists, but experts have not attempted to measure the economic impact resulting from a fall in tourism. Wars can increase the perception of a tourist in the risk that he undergoes while choosing a destination.Hostilities, demonstrations and acts of violence, for example between the Palestinians and Israelis, have often discouraged tourists from visiting Israel for the past 40 years. Besides, Israel is located in the centre of the Middle East, tourists tend to avoid visiting this country during every period of crisis in the surroundings.Riots are also one of those factors which can put an end to the tourism Industry. The case of Tunisia may be taken for example. While most Tunisians were celebrating the victory president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the countrys tourism industry witnessed a massive negative impact from the riots and tourists had to be evacuated of the country. While President Ben Ali was a totalitarian leader, tourists from Europe and the Arab world kept streaming to the country at an ever-increasing rate. Only few of the arrivals e ven know that Tunisia was a dictatorship even if they came year after year (www.getafespain.com). With the state of emergency declared in Tunisia, and with the unclear political situation after the fall of President Ben Ali, government of Spain, Switzerland, Germany and Norway have issued messages not to travel to Tunisia and this of course included tourist trips (Bernama-Afrolnews, 2011). This shows to what extent riots can have such an influence on the tourism industry.In Mauritius, such riots were witnessed in 1999 with the death of the famous singer Kaya. The capital of Mauritius, Port Louis, was forced to close down for a few days and demonstrators had blocked major roads burned about 200 vehicles and attacked police stations. It degenerated to nearly become a racial dispute where young Creole men were fighting against Hindu people. Such an tragedy caused the economy of Mauritius to operate on a go slow basis. Such news were broadcasted internationally for much more than the du ration of the riots. Businessmen became worried that their business might go bankrupt because that instability could hit foreign investors (guardian.co.uk)2.1.5 Natural DisastersA natural disaster is a natural event with catastrophic consequences for living things in the vicinity. (www.encyclopedian.com).Natural forces will always be with us and tourism is a major sector of the world economy. The first mentioned is and will always be a challenge for the tourism industry. Therefore, these two elements will continue to play significant roles into the future. In the past these two elements have intersected and it is likely that they will again in the future. (Beattie, 1992).A natural disaster can affect tourism in the sense that it destroys the natural environment and the things which the industry relies on. There exists a close link between tourism and natural disasters as if there is a natural disaster, the industry may be destroyed. Tourism is an important part of many countries eco nomy and in less economically developed countries such as those affected by the tsunami, on boxing day of year 2004, whereby the affected countries relied on the tourism industrys services for living.Usually a natural calamity makes the rate of tourists arrival fall, which results in a lack of tourist spending. Businesses suffer due to lack of money generated by tourism, local small businesses close, larger businesses are in agony, leading to closure of parts of the business and jobs are lost.There are cases where natural disasters can increase tourism arrivals. In a strange manner, places that have been affected by natural disaster can become tourist attractions. Those places often become places of educational and historical interest and many people visit those areas or countries.An example of this is the village of Boscastle in United Kingdom. The village faced the worst ever flood in its history on 16th August 2004. A recorded 200.4mm of rain fell in just twenty four hours causin g a 3m torrent to flow through the village (www.docstoc.com/docs article factors affecting tourism natural calamities). Over 100 residents were rescued by air. 116 cars were swept through the village in the harbour that particular day. It caused millions of pounds of damage to property and businesses. Following this, the small village was much on the media. After 2004, there were loads visitors which came from many places to visit the village, in such a way that accommodation became a problem because of massive number of people wanting to be accommodated.( Robyn et al.2010)The case of typhoons in the Philippines had more negative impacts on the concerned country. The typhoons named Ondoy and Pepeng have ravaged dramatically parts of the Philippines last year and have had a negative impact on tourism, as compared to the small village in the United Kingdom.Mauritius is a tropical island is frequently visited by cyclones but most of the times those create little destruction to Mauritiu s. some tourists perceive those cyclones as an experience, but others perceive them as a natural factor preventing them from enjoying their stay. This may lead in guests cancelling their trips to Mauritius during the cyclonic seasons (November to May)2.1.6 Climate Change, Global WarmingClimate change represents a new challenge for tourism. It is not, however, the case that tourisms initial position will undergo a sudden, radical change. Instead, climate change has to be viewed as a catalyst that will reinforce and accelerate the pace of structural change in the tourist industry and more clearly highlight the risks and opportunities inherent in tourist developments. (Elsasser,2002)Glaciers are melting, islands are drowning, wildlife is vanishing. Because of global warming, our most cherished vacation spots may soon cease to exist. And travellers are part of the problem (Tidwell, 2001)The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) declared that the warming of the climate system is unequivocal. The global average temperature has increased approximately by 0.76C between 1850-1899 and 2001-2005. The IPCC further said that there was a more that 90% probability that the warming would increase in the coming years.Given the growing scientific data, my fear is were all going to wake up soon and find the places we love totally gone even in our lifetime, Mallet(2001). He further added that tourism and travel would mostly suffer with the rise of the sea level by 2100 because it has been predicted that the water level would rise by 3 feet by this time eradicating resort hotels, beaches, ports and coastal property. The IPCC states that the American coastline welcomes around 180 million recreational visitors annually. The rise in sea level would be dramatic to those regions. Wall(2001) explains that Clearly, global warming is an issue the tourism industry must and I think will pay more and more attention to in the near future. Wall added that tourism is at risk and n ow all that the industry of tourism and travel can do is to prepare for and adapt to climate-related impacts which are already occurring. Taking the case of Mauritius, such rise in sea level will be drastic for resorts, because those hotels are situated on the coast lines of Mauritius at maximum 3 metres above sea level. A rise in sea level by 3 feet will cause many of those resorts to mostly disappear and this could cause the end of tourism in Mauritius.Air travel and transport alone, for example, add more than 500 million tons of CO2 to the Earths atmosphere each year, according to the IPCC. And as people travel more, courtesy of ever-rising Western affluence, the problem only gets worse. By 2050, a full 15 percent of the worlds CO2 could come from travel and tourism, according to Green Globe 21. Tha quthor John Berger even said that We are loving the planet to death.Over the years passing , many island nations have fought hard to be heard in the international conferences about th e effects of global warming on them. Some islands have already been lost in the Pacific, and the forecast is that many more will go in the coming decades, especially if nothing is done to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions globally. Now the case of the Caribbean islands should be closely studied.The Caribbean islands, except Cuba and Haiti, are highly dependent on tourism, like Mauritius. Coastal development in the Caribbean for tourism is constantly increasing at a high rate despite a recent decline in tourism. In the Caribbean, tourism accounts for 15% of the gross domestic product, with higher rates in many of its islands, and over 2.4 million jobs (about 16% of the local population). It has also pushed populations towards the coasts because of the various developments. For example, in the Dominican Republic, over 50% of the population lives near coasts where a 3 feet rise in sea level would make them being submerged.Recently, the Dominican government has received a report detail ing that, under their estimates, sea-level will rise by 6 meters by 2050, eliminating the tourism industry and sending the country into complete chaos. The same would happen around the Caribbean. The fast development that the region is seeing may be completely devastated by global warming, and the same case goes for much of the rest of the developing world. The outcome would be to put billions of people in situations of poverty, hunger, and violence.In terms of economic weaknesses, it was noted that small islands tend to have small economies, small land area and unfortunately do have a limitation of resources, meaning their economy relies on few primary exports like sugar and of course tourism.Furthermore, the small islands have low resistance to external shocks such as natural disasters, political instability, terrorism, etc..(Harrison 2003, Hotiet al.2005). Briguglioer et al.(1996) identified environmental weaknesses which included the threat of sea level rise following global war ming, and the location of small islands in relation to phenomena, such as cyclones, hurricanes and seismic activity which can lead to tsunamis and eradicate the tourism industry from a small island in a few minutes.Chapter 3 Saving the Tourism Industry3.0 Over reliance over the tourism industryDiversifi